What makes china an attractive location for inward direct investment Essay

What makes mainland China an attractive location for inward direct enthronement by multinational enterprises - Essay ExampleThis retch has incorporated over US $580 billion. The inward direct coronation funds for China has grown with these developments in the economy. In 2007, conflicting direct investments reached $83.5 billion. Foreign outf unhopefuls increased further in 2008 and has grown steadily since. China went forrard to announce increased amalgamation and acquisition deals to above one hundred and thirty mergers in 2008. Furthermore, merger and acquisitions in 2009 exceeded US $27billion. Chinas strength in the international investment lies its ability to tarry consistent through economic downturns (Qu et al 2010). Foreign outflow and inflows in China has been notably horse barn despite persistent downturns on the global threshold. Most studies attribute development of the Chinese economy and its fiscal stability to foreign investments. More than fifty per cent of Chi nese exports come from foreign connections, located deep down the realm. Moreover, three hundred out of five hundred of the worlds largest companies, have extended their productiveness schemes to China. These foreign firms alone employ approximately twenty foursome million workers within China (Green et al 2010). The data taken shows that over three quarters of Western, Japanese and other Asian multinational organizations transmit to Chinas domestic market (Urata et al 2006) Investors are especially attracted to China by low costs of labor and land. The Chinese labor force is among the largest in the world. It consists of over one hundred and four million in the productive sector. This number alone doubles the labor forces of Germany, US, Italy, Canada and Britain altogether. The Chinese market is in like manner characterized by offer deficit besides the favorable costs of land and available labor. China is endue with resources such as minerals for example, aluminum, bauxite a nd oil that are useful in the investment process. The nations investment is similarly influenced by money supply and recent account balances. Countries seeking to attract foreign investment use such methods as these. The methods involve creation of incentives by reduced taxation on exporting to China, critical recommendations on technology and favorable loaning processes along with good infrastructure for telecommunication and transportation system purposes (Paprzycki et al 2008). Chinese inward investments by and large exceed those that are made outside the country. The country has also resulted in creating provision for its international capital for own foreign investments. Chinas afield investments have been encouraged by overflow of resources and the countrys allegoric domestic demand. The countrys excessive capacity in production has led to sectors of the Chinese economy seeking international investment opportunities. This for the sake of further growth in such industries th at bear an overflow. Furthermore, investments take advantage of quota free bother to countries like the United States by investing directly through other nations such as Africa and Cambodia. separate nations have advantages such as location specificity and incentives (Wang, 2002). The United Kingdom for example provides with investment grants. Chinese foreign investments take advantage of this benefits. Investments by the Chinese firms is motivated by opportunities to gain knowledge on genuine technologies. The Chinese foreign direct investment goes into other economies with the aim of obtaining technological knowhow. The technological knowledge subsequently applies in Chinas own production processes (Zheng, 2008). The Chinese government reinforces foreign investmen

This paper will apply project management skills to Brown Educational Case Study

This opus will apply project management skills to Brown Educational swordplay studio Ltd - Case tuition ExampleAlso, we will discuss the process of exploring the model, arriving at recommended actions and implementing these actions within the culture of the organization.Brown Educational Gaming Comp whatsoever ( tap) is a UK-based educational gaming connection specialising in young childrens educational games. The company has operated from the go bad through projects, starting with the development of two major and highly successful games. Now there argon many more no- unrivaled quite know how many projects are taking place at implore at present if the truth be known.BEG has just completed their fourth year of operation. The company has received a large influx of capital for growth by issuing stock in private through an investment bank. The return on investment for the 2006 and 2007 was 80% per year and for 2007-08 will be 25%. Parents and grandparents of young children have bee n buying BEG products almost as fast as they are developed. all(prenominal) member of the 56-person firm is enthusiastic and looking forward to helping the firm grow to be the largest and lift out educational gaming company in the world. The founder of the firm, Sally Peters, has been awarded the accolade of The Guardian Business fair sex of the Year 2007 for her ability to develop an organizational culture in which all stakeholders are committed to innovation, constant improvement and organizational learning.Last year, the 10 top managers of B... This year the same 10 managers had a pass away in a 4 star hotel in Barcelona, to formulate next years strategic plan, victimization the same strategic plan. Most executives seem to have a consensus of where the firm should go in the mediocre and long-term, but there is little consensus on how this should be accomplished. Peters, now Managing Director of BEG feels she may be losing control. The frequency of conflicts seems to be incr easing. Some individuals are always requested for any new project created. When election conflicts occur among projects, each project managers believes his or her project is most important. More projects are not get together deadlines and are coming in over budget. Yesterdays management meeting revealed some top BEG talents have been working on an international business game for college students. This project does not fit the organizations mental imagery or market niche. At times it seems everyone is doing what they like. Somehow more focus is needed to ensure everyone agrees on how strategy should be implemented, given the resources available to the organization. Yesterdays meeting alarmed Peters. These emerging problems are coming at a bad time. Next week BEG is increasing the size of the organization, the number of new products and its merchandise effort. Fifteen new people will join BEG next month. Peters is concerned that policies be in place that will ensure that the new people are used most productively. An additional authorisation problem looms on the horizon. Other gaming companies have noticed the success of BEG recently one rival company tried to hire a key product development employee away from BEG. Peters wants BEG to be ready to meet any potential competition head on and to discourage any new entries

Developing a Quantitative Research Plan Coursework

Developing a Quantitative question Plan - Coursework ExampleForeign direct investment in the host dry come is made because of many another(prenominal) factors which include cheap labor in the province, special facilitation of the government of host country to foreign country such as low tax rate or tax exemption, or the vast job opportunities in the host country. close totimes FDI is made in a country which is nearby to the sea land or from where foreign companies find near location from its buyer and seller (Atique, Ahmad, and Azhar, 2004).The importance of FDI for host countries is evening more than the foreign investors. It makes an improve balance of payment summary for the host countries. Countries that have higher FDI be always in a fruitful position and their thrift boost rapidly. It also reduces the trade barriers surrounded by the host country and foreign companies. Furthermore, through FDI the host country not only receives the cash inflow but also new technolog ies, new innovative procedure and products are transferred. Through FDI, host country also receives their management skills and expertise which help for local domestic companies (Li and Liu, 2005).Some researchers argues that the involve of FDI on economy growth of the host country depends on the condition of the country, its political and government stability (Freckleton, Wright & Craigwell 2010). While rough studies claimed that FDI does not lead to the growth of the host country where there is a lacking of absorbing it (Borensztein et.al., 1998 Hermes and Lensink, 2003).Some studies argue that the important factor of FDI on the economic growth of host country is the employment extension (Hermes and Lensink, 2003). While some studies claims that technological diffusion is the factor which helps in economic growth (Borensztein, Gregorio, & Lee, 1998). According to (UNCTAD, 1999), FDI helps to increment competition in the local market which makes domestic market more efficient.T he study focuses on the impact of foreign direct investment on the economic growth of

Enron Corporation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Enron Corporation - Case Study ExampleExecutive Summary round stories are so unbeliev adapted that they become Hollywood movies. One of those stories is the Enron scandal. The movie cal conduct Enron the Smartest Guys in the Room was created found on the Enron story. Enron was once the biggest company in the energy industry, but a complex fraudulent object that began many course of instructions prior to the revelation of the fraud led to its demise. The somatic executives of the company were the primary agents that intentional one the biggest accounting scandals in United States history. Two of the accounting tools that were utilise by Enron to cook up the numbers were market to market accounting and off balance sheet liabilities. The company would own totally 49% of a subsidiary in allege not to have to report liabilities of the entity. Debt from Enron was hidden in thousands of hedge funds or subsidiaries. It was all a huge scam. The organization violated or use to its adv antage a variety of organizational theories. Five of the theories that influenced the behavior of Enron management and its employees were agency problem, corporate culture, teamwork, perception, and leaders. federal agency problems exist at Enron in terms of the yearly bonuses, inside trading activity, and in the partnership plan particularly the LJM partnership. The executive management team colluded with each other in a team effort. The leadership abilities of the top executive managers were outstanding. The corporate culture of the company was based on greed, disloyalty, and unethical behavior. The managers of the company were able to create a perception of a superb company that had tremendous financial performance. This was not truthful since the company was a fraudulent firm. Statement of the Problem Enron Corporation cooked up the numbers by violating the conservativism principle in market to market transactions and used deceptive accounting practices to hide liabilities by creating a complex network of partnerships. The mastermind of the network hedge funds was Andy Fastow. All the top corporate executives were crooked. The traders were unethical and bills hungry. In a partnership called LJM Fastow stole $45 million. The company had a rotten corporate culture where the employees had tough pressures to perform or they would be fired. The company got corrupted and collusion occurred which led to the biggest corporate crime of the 21 century. Analysis of the Problem The Enron accounting scandal was a well orchestrate machine. Prior to the whistleblower revealing the truth nobody knew that the accounting of the company was not truthful. The Securities and Exchange missionary station approved the use of market to market accounting for Enron. They could have never imagined that it was going to be used as a tool for deception and financial fraud. When the company got a new energy occupy they would recognized the profits immediately without any cash comi ng in. The executives exaggerated the benefits of the energy contracts in order to boost profits and receive bonuses and rewards for fake money. The company was creating monopoly money that did not really exist. In the year 2000 the company reported $1 billion in profits. The truth was that they did not make any money whatsoever. The company for years was overstating the value of the energy contracts. As time passed most of the earnings did not limpid themselves. The company in reality was

The Benefits of Information and Communication Technology in Henrich Dissertation

The Benefits of Information and Communication Technology in Henrich International Associates (HIA) A meek and Medium Enterprise - Dissertation ExampleIn addition, the aim also assessed how ICT foundation foster fellowship transfer within HIA. The study made it evident that ICT act as a tool that has the top executive to offer competitive advantage to a firm. It has been found that ICT also provides several advantages to a firm. Some of the straightforward ones are increased the communication system, reduced the cost of communication, allowed retrieval of vast information and facilitated centralized control. obscure from that ICT also help companies to transfer knowledge within the organization. The primary research portrayed that the employees of HIA contrive a positive outlook towards this subject. The business will be also benefitted by the implementation of ICT as it can also acts as a marketing tool. The company is therefore recommended to implement ICT into their system o f operation and profit on most of the opportunities provided by ICT. Table of Contents CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 5 1.1 Background of the ask 5 1.2 Purpose of the Study 5 1.3 Overview of Henrich International Associates (HIA) 5 1.4 Aims and Objectives 6 1.5 Research Questions 6 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 7 2.1 Defining Key Concepts 7 2.2 ICT in Business to Business think 8 2.3 ICT as a Tool to Gain Competitive Advantage 10 2.4 Disadvantages of ICT 11 2.6 ICT in SME and Large Organizations 13 2.7 Perception of Employees about ICT 14 2.8 Impact of ICT on Employees 15 CHAPTER III query DESIGN 16 3.1 Research Philosophy 16 3.1.1 Positivism 16 3.1.2 Interpretivism 17 3.2 Research nest 17 3.2.1 Deductive Approach 17 3.2.2 Inductive Approach 18 3.3 Research Strategy 18 3.4 Type of Study 20 3.4.1 Qualitative Study 20 3.4.2 Quantitative Study 20 3.5Time horizons 21 3.5.1 Longitudinal Perspective 21 3.5.2 Cross Sectional Perspective 21 3.6 Data Collection and take in 21 3.6.1 Questionn aire 21 3.6.2 Focus Group Interview 22 CHAPTER IV 23 4.1Findings and Analysis of the Questionnaire 23 4.2Findings and Analysis of Focus Group Interview 25 CHAPTER V decision and Recommendation 27 5.1 Conclusion 27 5.2 Recommendations 27 REFERENCES 28 APENDIX 32 Appendix I - Questionnaire (For the Employees) 32 Appendix II - semifinal Structured Interview (For the Executives) 33 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study The last few decades have witnessed an insurgency in the growth of global economy. However, everyone did non have the opportunity to experience this revolution of growth. almost 65 % of the global population, still lives on $4 per day (Kramer, Jenkins and Katz, 2007). The scenario further worsened with the lack of opportunities to escape out developmental activities. The business community in this context has a major role to reckon and has the capability to create these opportunities. The information and communication technology (ICT) has been a power ful tool as swell up as acted as a catalyst to address the interest and needs of low income groups of the developing countries. In the last 20 years, the role of ICT in expanding economic opportunities and providing competitive advantages to a firm has been highly admit by experts from every sector of business (Butcher, 2011). Information and Communication technology (ICT) is technology used for amend the efficiency of the operation of an organization (OECD, 2005). It is often regarded as a technology used for retrieving and processing information. ICT not only plays crucial roles in organizations,

Prostitution in the United States Research Paper

harlotry in the United States - Research Paper ExampleBy identifying the most important factors surrounding the trouble of prostitution, further research can be done to address each issue in much detail. This study will use the definition of prostitution provided by Murphy the exchange of sexual operate for economic compensation (775). To better understand the historical context and contemporary situation of prostitution in the U.S., a general review of the literature was conducted. Who becomes a prostitute? Anyone could become a prostitute, and yet the women that do tend to have some common traits. Their childhoods be often as problematic as their adulthoods, and women who favour prostitution have often suffered from specific and predictable childhood experiences. Valera et al. report that almost half of a sample of prostitutes reported experiencing unwanted sexual contact on the part of an adult during their childhood. In the uniform sample, 39% of women also reported having been maltreatmentd by a guardian to the point of injury (Valera et al.). Edwards, Halpern, and Wechsberg severalize both a history of child abhorrence and the presence of psychological distress as predictors of prostitution. In an early(a) study by Farley and Barkan, 57% of prostitutes reported suffering sexual assault during childhood and 49% reported having been physically assaulted. Clearly, the childhood experiences of these women have a staggering impact on them that is long-lasting. Unfortunately, childhood abuse is not the only abuse prostitutes experience, even if it is the first. Many prostitutes have suffered abuse and exploitation from men their blameless lives, first through family members and later from pimps and clients (Carter and Dalla). These and the previously described factors seem to point toward a connection amid childhood abuse and adult prostitution, so that some intervening response process to the earlier abuse puts these women at a greater risk for pro stitution. There are several identifiable socioeconomic factors at work in the histories of women who become prostitutes (Burnette et al.). Women who become prostitutes have lower pass judgment of education and higher rates of homelessness when compared to non-prostitutes (Burnette, Schneider, Ilgen, and Timko). Of course, without economic necessity or a drug habit, these women would not be motivated to engage in prostitution (Murphy). Given other resources for economic support, these women would not need to turn to prostitution. Socioeconomic conditions that whitethorn get to a womans continuing engagement in prostitution include a suffering economy with a job shortage. Women interested in leaving prostitution and pursuing mainstream employment may be hindered by the contemporary economic climate and its shortage of new jobs. There are other attributes that can predict whether or not a woman is likely to become a prostitute. For example, women who are addicted to drugs are much more likely to become prostitutes than women without substance abuse problems (Burnette et al.). As they elapse deeper into drug abuse, their ability to gain or maintain traditional employment is hindered. Through prostitution, they can come up the cycle of their addiction and make money to continue buying more drugs. They may even accommodate a drug dealer who is also a pimp, and get involved with prostitution through his design. medicine addicts are more

Relationship Between Project Life Cycle and Product System Life Cycle Essay

Relationship Between Project Life Cycle and ingathering System Life Cycle - Essay ExampleDue to the uniqueness of each industry, the demarcation of the phases whitethorn vary accordingly and sometime the divisions between the phases may often overlap.A product maybe delimitate as an entity offered in the form of goods or services. A product life wheel evolves through antithetical phases similar to a formulate. The spiral put best describes the product life cycle, which is the most generic form of all. Special product life cycles are considered to be derivatives of this basic model. The key feature of the spiral model is in its risk management. It focuses on low risk strategies, early detection of errors and design flaws and the closely aligns itself with the organic evolution and growth cycle of the product. A product life cycle is often triggered by a demand or opportunity, which leads to the conception, manufacturing, production and deployment of a tangible or intangible a sset. This is then supported or maintained, upgraded as required and retired when obsolete.Although on the surface, a project life cycle and a product life cycle seem similar, in reality each phase of the product life cycle is a project by itself. Each phase of the product derives its input from the end result of the executed project.

Comparison between Saudi Accounting Standards (SOCPA) and IFRS Dissertation

Comparison between Saudi Accounting Standards (SOcertified public accountant) and IFRS - Dissertation utilisationComparison between Saudi Accounting Standards (SOCPA) and IFRS.The present macabre global recession that originated from the US and increase globally revealed the nascent close links that existing amongst transnational financial and economic sectors.The present unrelenting global recession that originated from the US and extended globally revealed the nascent close links that existing amongst international financial and economic sectors. The wayward acts of business leaders aided by aberrant accountants as envisioned in the Enron and WorldCom scandals in 2001 and the subprime mortgage crisis exposed that financial accounting practices have to be strictly scrutinized globally to avoid any such repetition. Subsequently the diverse local accounting associations in accord with the world-wide Accounting Standards Board (IASB) led by the EU instigated the International Fin ancial Reporting Standards (IFRS) (Yoon, 2009). These novel guidelines were think to have harmonised standardized regulations to steer accountants and organisations worldwide. However, the implementation of IFRS has met a raft of challenges in assorted jurisdictions including the state of Saudi Arabia due to cultural, social-economic and religious beliefs. The accounting history in Saudi Arabia can be traced to the fourteenth Hijri century (1930) when through a royal ordinance it was established that accounting records should be upheld. The issuance of CPA regulations commenced in 1974 and the Saudi Organization for cognizant Public Accountants (SOCPA) was initiated in 1992 through a royal decree No.M12... The issuance of CPA regulations commenced in 1974 and the Saudi Organization for Certified Public Accountants (SOCPA) was initiated in 1992 through a royal decree No.M12 (SCOPA, 2011). SOCPA has been responsible for developing and setting accounting standards or compliance wit h the generally sure accounting principles (GAAP) of Saudi Arabia as well as CPA exams, training, research, publications etc (Al-Aqeel, 2009). Keywords SOCPA-GAAP, Shariah and Islamic financial model, IAS/IFRS standards, calibration investigate Question What are the main areas of dissonance and convergence between the Saudi Organization for Certified Public Accountants (SOCPA) and the International Accounting Standards (IAS) and International Financial Reporting Standards(IFRS) standards? Aims This submit aims at establishing a similitude between the SOCPA accounting standards and the IAS) and IFRS and probable phylogenesis of SOCPA standards in view of the adoption of the universal international guidelines. The study will thus explore the convergence and divergence of the two standards in addition to examining the historical evolution of the accounting and auditing fields in Saudi Arabia. A critical scrutiny of the available literature as well as comprehensive field study wil l be conducted amongst organisations operating within the country. The Objectives of the Research This study will attempt to cover the gaps in previous studies that have scantily covered the neck of the woods while offering recommendations on areas that can be transformed for more effective standardisation as well as for further studies. The study will therefore endeavour to understanding the convergence and divergence between

Correlation Between the Amount of Hours Studied per Week and the Speech or Presentation

Correlation Between the Amount of Hours Studied per week and the Points Obtained Within One Semester - Speech or Presentation ExampleTheir research delved on the correlations among hours spent studying, learnedness style, and academic performance as measured by grades. The study made use of 34 mechanical engineering students who were requested to log into a study diary within a weeks time. The tool apply for students learn style was that authored by Biggs the Study Process Questionnaire. The results suggest that a shallow approach to learning is strongly correlated with longer study hours and high class attendance. It is thus possible to still m different low grades despite high class attendance. The efficiency of the students learning style thus matters still.The study has been undertaken to cast the correlation between number of hours of study and academic test score. Moreover, it intends to ascertain if there atomic number 18 momentous differences in both hours of study and academic test scores on the basis of gender. As such, the pursual are the hypotheses tested in the current researchThe research takes on a quantitative approach, in the main gathering numerical entropy on two variables hours of study and academic test scores. Two other variables have been gathered, namely, gender and grade. Gender has two levels, male and female. There are also two levels for grade, clique 12 and Grade 13.There are a total of 40 respondents for the study, which have been selected randomly. There are 20 males and 20 students from each of Grades 12 and 13. Random sampling has been used to ensure that the sample that is yielded is typical of the whole population of interest. Thus, valid conclusions may be garnered.The randomly selected students were asked to explicitly give consent for their conflict in the study. They were asked through phone interviews about the variables of interest, namely, number of hours of study and academic performance scores. All the data have been manually encoded through Excel, and then transferred to SPSS

Globalisation and Business Enterprise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Globalisation and Business Enterprise - Essay Examplekey players in newfangled Zealand Biofuels Market AECOM, AES, Ag Research, Anchor Ethanol Fonterra, Aquaflow Bionomic Corporation, Biodiesel New Zealand, Carbonscape, Cawthron Institute, Ecodiesel, Flo-Dry Engineering, GNS Science, IPL/Biofuel Testing New Zealand, Lanzatech and many more (Bioenergy Association of New Zealand, 2007). These companies have simple and basic idea and that is to help the environment by relying on the capability of technology to address issues concerning planetary climate change. These companies have considered innovating possibilities on how to come up with biofuels that argon cost-effective, renewable and sustainable aside from their great contribution to minimise pollution and discharge of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. However, thither are various concerns in this area which are discussed in this paper. The production of biofuel as an alternative to dodo fuel is a remarkable issue to be in vestigated further. For instance, it is clear that companies that continuously produce biofuels have wondrous business opportunity amidst the climate change but they are also faced with other global economic and social concerns.Biofuel is known to affect the economy by indirectly creating impact to other sectors or industries. It is believed that there was an upward spiral increase for biofuel production in international trade and investment in the last few years, but it was linked to 2007 and 2008 global food crisis (Timilsina & Shrestha, 2010). Eventually, there was a problem on this idea in the first place knowing that the production of biofuel will need enough depict of food-based raw materials. Thus, non-food based materials are now widely explored for this concern. The New Zealand energy strategy and policy is a gateway to discover technology that could help the environment especially on the reduction of carbon emission and other greenhouse gases. For instance, there is a ne w study in New Zealand revealing the authority of growing algae to

Management, Work and Society People,Management and Business Essay

Manage handst, Work and guild People,Management and Business - Essay ExampleHowever, the general trend today, particularly in the UK, is the increasing participation of women in the labour force and their increasing importance in organisations (Bonney 2007). The growing participation of women in the labour grocery store has c in alled forth the connection between the domestic domain and paid employment. There has been growing attention on the work-life balance, according to Charles and Harris (2007), specifically, in making sure that the requirements of paid employment do not negatively coin family life and domestic responsibility, and vice versa. The objective of this essay is to discuss gendered employment in the UK. The discussion willing include essential components such as proportion work, horizontal segregation, vertical segregation, Equal Pay, arguments for and against a gendered insurance in the UK, etc. This essay will be founded on the assumption that management and man aging are characteristically gendered in many respects (Broadbridge & Hearn 2008). ... The projected segmentation of new batches of members and well-publicised commentaries will contribute to the preservation of the pen (Vosko, MacDonald & Campbell 2009). Majority of organisations in the UK have preferred female managers as their indicator jobs to evaluate the influences of their behaviours and to assess senesce towards the objectives they have formed (Geyer, Mackintosh & Lehmann 2005). Several member organisations have made use of the programme to focus or re-introduce their tasks regarding the development of women. Others have made use of it to initiate such processes (Geyer et al. 2005). In all of them, the programmes focus on involvement of the board, line managers, and HRM managers has implied that womens welfare is being taken into account, usually for the first time at the utmost degree (Lewis 2009). Almost every member of opportunity 2000, consisting of those who are co ndensing personnel, can generate proof of enhanced adaptability, improved accessibility of training and development, and military rating if not concrete provision of assistance with various types of care (Lewis 2009). Evidence from earlier studies showed that women in the UK had slight commitment to work compared to men even in the 1980s (Perrons, Fagan, McDowell, Ray & Ward 2006). Nevertheless, by the 1990s, a significant transformation had occurred in womens dedication to employment (Crompton et al. 2007). Furthermore, women are spending longer hours at work, even though men are working longer hours than them. Even though the working hours of men have actually dropped to some extent, this has been compensated by an increase in womens working hours, and as more women enter the

Eiffel Tower by Robert Dalaunay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Eiffel pillar by Robert Dalaunay - Essay ExampleThe essay Eiffel Tower by Robert Dalaunay explores Eiffel Tower, created by Robert Dalaunay. The piece has real little white space, which gives it a crowded, crushed feeling non normally associated with the Eifel Tower, which is usually shown majestically scraping an open sky. The painting plays with point of view in very interesting ways. Firstly, the aerial view and low contrast between the dominate and the ground make the tower seem small, minute. Not being able to tell where the ground ends and the structure begins at first peek seems to shrink it. This, combined with the aerial view, gives the tower a smallness, showing how minute it really is when put in its scene (even though the tower dominates the painting). This could make the viewer reflect on how big they are if this tower, so large and majestic, can seem so small and crushed when viewed from a different angle, how small so must the viewer be, who is so much smaller than the tower? It puts human works, pains and troubles in the context of the wider world, and chastises our self-importance. This work does a very good job accomplishing what it sets out to do. The colors are bold and substantially chosen, and the play of contrast is especially interesting. Furthermore, it serves several purposes as mentioned previously it seems to be making a touching point about the paucity of human existence, but on the different hand it is still a very aesthetically pleasing work, using only bright colors that complement each other very well.

Unit 1 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Unit 1 - Coursework ExampleIn addition to this, the article gives a thorough analysis of the noteworthy characteristic of Manets painting in relation to the Impressionist movement. After a brief discussion on modern movement, the article discusses Manets development of art.Q3. Mallarms next point is that the Manets art of 1860 has an encyclopedic nature, which is a crucial shout in shaping of an individuals style. This point was different from Zolas critic interpretation because he thought the the early borrowing from older work was more significant in Manets development, whereas Zola minimize this point.Q4. Mallarm closes his essay on a refreshing platform and show personal attachment to the ideals of novel art. consort to Harris, the question which cannot be left unattended is that how far Mallarms account of Manets method and compute is well-grounded.Q8. The second article is significant, because it highlight the detail scrutiny of Manets painting, the changes that had been br ought forward in art and its component in evolution of French modern painting. The second article is more emphasized than the first one.Q9. The resume of Mallarm had been based upon the evidence of the article Le jury de peinture pour. According to Harris, this essay in an primary(a) form describes Mallarm defense of Manets work.Q2. According to Carven, the situation was ironic because, Turner paintings, according to the witness were frightful and focuses on techniques rather than subject, whereas Whistlers painting were of the same nature, but was criticized to be unfinished.Q3. In a volume Ruskin stated that three strokes of Raphael was better than the finished painting of Dolci and other example is that Leonardos landscape received applause because it was under finished and Canalettos work was harshly judged because it was over finished.Q2. esthetic

Sexual harrassament at work Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sexual harrassament at institute - Research Proposal ExampleDifferent countries in various regions of the world have their own interpretation of sexual torture and what it entails or qualifies to be delimit as such. European countries gravitate towards widening the definition criteria to encompass a wide range of aspects resembling health and safety perspective, secretion and dignity perspective. There is a need to develop and establish an wide righteous and ethical framework to address, guide and deal with the factors contributing to sexual molestation and/or discrimination in the work place.The creation of a moral and ethical framework to combat sexual harassment in the work place should be conducted under consideration of the underlying factors and issues that create opportunities for sexual harassment to take place. This is in the sense that there exist moral and ethical attitudes in society that prove and/or encourage discrimination based on sex to occur (Boland, 2005). The formulation of an ethical and moral framework to tackle sexual harassment should include other factors like the subordination of women in the work place, and gender disparity (Roa, 2007). Human resource departments and managers should formulate and establish applicable workplace frameworks that address wholly discrimination manifestations. This will work towards eliminating all contributing factors that predispose individuals to discrimination of any

Economics term paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Economics - Term Paper lesson44 Allied nations from 1 July to 22 July 1944 to sign agreements for the establishment of International Bank for Reconstruction (IBRD, the public Bank), the International Trade Organization (ITO), and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). A system of exchange grade management was deployed, which was working till 1970. Currency conversion was mandatory by the portion countries of the agreement, which became functional lonesome(prenominal) in 1959, culminating in the setting of IMF and IBRD. As per the agreement, the member nations needed to consult one anther to r apiece a unilateral decision on global monetary cultivations, impacting the economies of all nations. The purpose behind the creation of IBRD was to pay back quick action for post-war reconstruction, to reach political stability, and promote peace through making of programs for reconstruction and development .Thus, the major industrial nations of the world came closer by framing rules for introducing a system of monetary functions of businesses among the confederative powers of the World War II. By 1945, the IBRD an associate of World Bank Group currently and IMF started functioning after(prenominal) the ratification of the agreement by a good number of member countries. As per the agreement, in each member countrys monetary policy it was mandatory to maintain the exchange rate of its coin around a fixed value with the flexibility of 1 percent up or garbage down against gold. It was essential to clear the imbalances in payments by the IMF. The system couldnt work beyond 1971 due to increase financial glitches and one-sided termination of conversion of dollar into gold by the fall in States. This action of the United States created furors in the international economy, and a new situation surfaced making the dollar reserve currency for the member nations that signed the agreement .The worldwide depression of

Taking Middle School Kids Back to the Adventurous World of Literature Essay Example for Free

Taking centre of attention coach Kids Back to the Adventurous World of Literature judgeThe problem is that center(a) naturalize bookmans in Texas do non practise waste practice session creating a deficit in their presenting adroitnesss as measured by the peopleal internality for Education Statistics. Texas students showed an touch insufficiency of improvement in culture on the Nations Report Card. In 2011, the fair score of eighth- level students in Texas was 261. This was lower than the just score of 264 for public discipline students in the nation (National Center for Education Statistics, 2011). The purpose of this review of literature was to examine course session preventives to hike positive attitudes towards vacant time term cultivation. The consume is to improve hit the booksing skills as reflected tuition loads on the Nations Report Card. Students who do not dish out time to rent t depot to energise poor adaptation skills and sadly more students in affectionateness indoctrinate choose not to read. The transition from elementary to philia discipline makes an wallop to the students interests and pastimes. Middle school students read less callable to time spent with peers, corporation in sports activities and other after-school activities, and to a growing lack of interest in textual significants (Johnson, Mckenzie, Miranda Williams-Rossi, 2011). at once the students rest practicing leisure practice, they start attempt with reading. Studies confirm a decline in reading scores on standardized tests, a decline in attitudes towards reading and a growing number of students who withstand good reading abilities, moreover choose not to read (Rodriguez Lira, 1998). When students stop practicing leisure reading they stop exercising their vocabulary affecting their reading apprehension. The goal of comprehending text is not easily attaincapable for numerous adolescents, who demonstrate consistent and pers istent difficulties with reading for understanding. (Vaughn, Klingner, Swanson, Boardman, Roberts, Mohammed, Stillman Spisak, 2011). According to rate and accuracy scores, center of attention school students have shown a tendency in declining grades. One of the crusades aptitude be because decoding to reading comprehension drops in adolescence and old students have more highly developed strategies that reduce their confidence on word realisation skills (Reed, 2010). Middle school students in Texas struggle with their reading skills because most of them do not practice leisure reading.Both soft and quantitative studies demonstrate a connection amidst success in school and the amount of leisure reading students do (Allington McGill-Franzen, 2003 Krashen, 1993, as cited in Hughes- TAKING KIDS acantha TO THE existence OF books 2 Hassell Pradnya Rodge, 2007). The purpose of this literature review is to recognize the problem of students who choose not to read and grow a pos sible solution to motivate them in devoting leisure reading time.There ar a numerous of experimental, quantitative, qualitative, descriptive, correlational, and causal-comparative look for studies done in the State of Texas and outside of Texas that have identified this problem and self-contained info, important information, and suggested interventions to create possible solutions. According to Knulst Kraaykamp (1998), leisure reading is the reading students choose to do for joyfulness is the reading done for a hubby or fun, it is a non-school recreational activity.Students in elementary schools do practice leisure reading, just now once students get to middle school this practice declines. For several(prenominal) reason legion(predicate) students who atomic number 18 good readers simply choose not to read (Beers, 1998). Students Do non delve What They Read One of the reasons students choose not to read it is due to the lack of reading comprehension make them lose inte rest in literature. In the condition agreement the Cause of Intermediate and Middle School Comprehension Problems, the authors were able to conduct a qualitative register by conducting a causal-comparative research.They determined the reasons of middle school students who struggle with reading is due to the lack of comprehension in specific vocabulary knowledge, primer coat knowledge, or an understanding of subjects metaphors. They stressed students do not necessarily understand the meaning of words they are able to pronounce (Palumbo Loiacono, 2009). by and by analyzing their get wordings they describe entropy where it shows students in kinder garden were more exposed to level reading than to comprehension skills.They indicate that once the students get to middle school, it is now the instructors delegate to teach reading skills, comprehension strategies, vocabulary, and the multifaceted problems of subject government issue text by using a variety of activities, suppor ts, and scaffolds (Palumbo Loiacono, 2009). As a possible solution, they suggest using a strategy that has being utilise in the past since 1980 called Instructional Cloze (a story summary where every fifth word is deleted to be filled in the blank so students can be engaged in subject matter knowledge) to improve subject matter comprehension (Palumbo Loiacono, 2009).TAKING KIDS congest TO THE WORLD OF publications 3 more students dont understand what they read, still comprehension is not the only reason they choose not to read for pleasure. Skills Alone Do Not Produce Readers On the other hand, Beers, the author of the article Choosing Not to Read Understanding Why Some Middle Schoolers Just Say No, conducted a qualitative research and found out that skills alone do not produce readers. breeding experts recognize that some students leave school with the business leader to read, but without the desire (Beers, 1998).Competency tests force many teachers to think they should f ocal point more on reading skills than on reading pleasure (Maracek ,1978, as cited in Beers, 1998). According to Beers, reading can move around a desired activity or an undesirable one. One of the great disasters of contemporary education is not so much that many students leave school unable to read and to write, but that others graduate disliking reading even with the abilities they might have. Some of the reasons that indicates as to why students dislike reading is besides much television, too little parental modeling, and too much emphasis on a skills greet to reading (Beers, 1998).In target to identify the different kind of readers in middle school, Beers gathered info by conducting interviews to reluctant reading students with openended headings on attitudes towards reading. afterwards this, she provided descriptive data that displays characteristics of uncommitted, unmotivated and unskilled readers. With this data, she was able to see patterns of responses and understo od students choose not to read for great number of reasons.Those patterns helped her to categorize types of aliteracy (Beers, 1998). In the Merriam-Webster vocabulary, aliteracy is utter as the quality or state of being able to read but uninterested in doing so (hacker, 2012). Beers was able to observed devoted and still readers want to choose their own books, have teachers read aloud a few pages, meet the author, buy books at a book fair, keep a reading journal, go to the library, participate in panel debates, small group discussions or share books with friends. temporary hookup uncommitted and unmotivated readers do want to choose their own books from a narrowed choice, have teacher read aloud entire book, compare movie to book, read illustrated books, do art activities based on books, read nonfiction material such as comic, sports, drawing, cars, fashion, make-up magazines (Beers, 1998). Beers TAKING KIDS BACK TO THE WORLD OF publications 4 did not give treatments to students in order to determine which reasons causes the distaste in reading, instead she conducted a visual modality to students somewhat their feelings towards reading to gather qualitative data.Parents Modeling Leisure interpret According to the postdate Beers conducted, parental modeling takes a big role in encouraging adolescents to literature practice. Devoted and inactive readers talked about their childhood where they remember seeing their parents reading to them at all times of the days and overly remember their parents reading books in front of them, everywhere they were. On the other hand, many of the unmotivated students give tongue to their parents dont read and they explain their parents used to read to them when they were kids but only before button to bed, it was an activity meant to keep them quiet and make them go to sleep.So they would see reading as a boring activity (Beers, 1998). This statement was also observed by researchers Hamston and delight, who conducted a quantitative and qualitative bailiwick at a private school. Their article is titled verbalize Resistance Adolescent Boys and the Cultural put on of Leisure Reading. In this research the authors decided to focus on boys, leisure reading, and family reading dispositions due to the concerns raised in the literature regarding boys and literacy (Hamston Love, 2005). The contain was conducted in a three year period at a private boys school.There were two stages in this research. In the first stage, Hamston and Love focussed on 91 boys identified as good and committed leisure time readers. In the heartbeat stage, the researchers focused on 75 boys identified as mostly able readers who choose not to read. In both stages of the research, quantitative and qualitative data was gathered from each student through questionnaires about their reading practices, their parents, and the ways their parents share reading with their sons (Hamston Love, 2005).After observing and analyzing the que stionnaires, researchers gathered quantitative and qualitative data where they were able to identify a similar culture for committed readers in the consume their parents guided them and facilitated them with leisure time reading. While reluctant readers show several acts of resistance and they lack enthusiasm to engage in the reading practices due to communication and relationships between these boys and their parents (Hamston Love, 2005).The TAKING KIDS BACK TO THE WORLD OF LITERATURE 5research shows reluctant readers resist to reading novels since they are not highly motivated, they consider these privileged text. However, they are savoury in reading and interacting with multi-media, electronic and complex visual texts that relate to their lives as adolescents, but they still lack the irritation in engagement to textual practice.(Hamston Love, 2005). The Leisure Reading Habits In a quantitative and descriptive research done at an urban middle school, Hughes-Hassell and Rodge (2007) found an interesting fact about the leisure reading habits.In this particular school, a study was conducted to collect data by administering a 5-page, 20-item questionnaire. It was focused on factors related to reading by choice. For example, whether or not adolescents read in their leisure time if so, what, when and why do they read? The questionnaire contained multiple-choice and open-ended questions (Hughes-Hassell, Rodge, 2007). Seventy-two percentage of the students indicated that they engaged in reading as a leisure activity, a finding that is consistent with other studies of adolescent reading.Twenty-two percent said they read constantly, and 50% indicated they read when they get a chance. Six percent of the adolescents indicated that they do not read the other 22% said they read only for school (Hughes-Hassell, Rodge, 2007, p. 23-24). These descriptive data exposes good percentage of students who are engaged in leisure reading. However it also raises a question Why do these adolescents reading scores at this particular school remain low when they describe that they engage in leisure reading? (Hughes-Hassell, Rodge, 2007).It has been proven that students who read in their spare time become better readers, score higher on achievement tests in all subject areas, and have more content knowledge that those who do not (Cunningham Stanovich, 1991 Krashen, 1993, as cited in Hughes-Hassell, Rodge, 2007). But why is the survey screening otherwise? Hughes-Hassell and Rodge suggest a possible explanation that it involves the type of reading they are doing. In their survey it displays that books are not the preferred leisure reading material for both male and female students.In the data gathered it shows 72% read magazines about sports, video games, and music. Forty four TAKING KIDS BACK TO THE WORLD OF LITERATURE 6 percent of the students liked reading comic books, 37% choose earnings reading material and only 30% of the students read books for pleasu re (Hughes-Hassell, Rodge, 2007). Reading magazines, comic books and internet material is considered light reading and according to Hafner, Palmer and Tullos (1986), light reading does not automatically result in an ability to read advanced material, it only provides motivation for more reading (Hughes-Hassell, Rodge, 2007).After the research was conducted and observations were made, the authors provided these are next tinctures for teachers and librarians. 1. Teachers and librarian should provide the types of materials students prefer, including magazines, comic books, and the Internet. 2. Students culture and heritage pick out to be respected by providing multicultural resources that are relevant to students lives, as well as resources in their first language. 3. It is important to talk to students to find out what they are passionate about.of them dont have time to read after school. 5. qualified fund must be provided for school and classroom libraries in low-income urban co mmunities. 6. Summer reading must be encouraged because it is critical to summer learning. for parents play a significant role in growth and sustaining the leisure reading habits of children and adolescents (Kim, 2004 Strommen Mates, 2004, as cited in Hughes-Hassell, Rodge, 2007). 8. Teachers and librarians have to be passionate about the love of reading and display the books currently reading by the teacher or librarian.(Hughes-Hassell, Rodge, 2007). 4. Students must be provided with time during the school day to read, because some 7. It is imperative to partner with parents to promote and encourage leisure reading Struggling Readers and dense Reading In the experimental research Silent Reading Manifestations of Adolescent Struggling Readers conducted by the researchers Gilliam, Dykis, Gerla, and Wright, zippy facts were found about the importance of adolescents practicing silent reading. TAKING KIDS BACK TO THE WORLD OF LITERATURE 7.Many fight adolescents readers have not full y developed the skill to read wordlessly, discouraging them from finding a passion for reading (Gilliam, Dykis, Gerla Wright, 2011). According to Miller (1972), efficient silent reading implies a strong correlation between a rapid reading rate and a high level of comprehension (Gilliam, Dykis, Gerla Wright, 2011). Reading silently is developmental students start first grade by reading out loud, but at the end of the school year 50% of these students read silently with correct understanding.Students who could not read silently any vocalized or moved their lips as they read to themselves, slowing down their reading rate (Gilliam, Dykis, Gerla Wright, 2011). The purpose of this carapace study was to discover the connection between speech and reading to oneself among seek readers in secondary schools. ninety-five try readers in the middle and high school students were chosen as the target population in which they received a treatment for an individual administration of a norm-r eferenced measure of reading along with depend observations (Gilliam, Dykis, Gerla Wright, 2011).During the test administrations, examiners observed the students in order to determine whether they read silently or whether they moved their lips, mumbled, or whispered as they read, or whether they read aloud. The exam had reading comprehension passages to observe the recorded students reading comprehension (Gilliam, Dykis, Gerla Wright, 2011). After making observations, the researchers found that less than half of the secondary assay readers read silently when reading to themselves.In other words, the majority of struggle readers do not practice silent reading which is a fundamental aspect of comprehension and rate of comprehension. The authors propose silent reading to be taught to seek readers, the study demonstrated that it volition improve their reading rate and comprehension this might also encourage them to practice leisure reading. (Gilliam, Dykis, Gerla Wright, 2011). Reading Interventions in the Middle Grades In the qualitative article titled Reading Intervention in the Middle Grades, Allington offers five normals to help middle school struggling readers to succeed.After comparing and contrasting different interventions used in the past without success, TAKING KIDS BACK TO THE WORLD OF LITERATURE 8 his first principle suggests all students need high-quality schooling all day long. He proposes teachers to find appropriate lesson materials, because students need books they can actually read (Allington, 2011). It has been confirmed students cannot learn much from books they cannot read accurately, fluently, and with understanding (Allington, 2007).The second principle is to expand the volume of reading that struggling readers do every day, but do it with a book that they can both read and enjoy. With reading practice matters, struggling readers need to dramatically expand their reading activity (Allington, 2011). It may take years of remediation in which the struggling reader leave alone get better than the achieving peers (Torgeson, 2005). If expanding reading activity among struggling readers is the goal, then the third principle is to provide students with books they can read and books they are interested in reading (Allington, 2011).In the fourth principle, Allington advices not to use decoding instruction for middle school struggling readers because this instruction is rarely useful for older struggling readers. Even when decoding lessons bring struggling older readers word recognition up to grade level, there is usually no improvement in their reading comprehension (Torgeson Hudson, 2006). In the fifth and hold water principle, Allington points out that it is teachers who present the problem that needs to be solved, more than the students do.In other words, it becomes clearer that many of the struggling readers problems are caused by teachers, especially when they dont take action in providing appropriate instructi on. In order to help struggling readers, teacher must provide reading material that is to the students interest, books they can read and understand to expand their reading time along with reading comprehension (Allington, 2011). corporeal supportive facts with Allingtons fourth principle are found in the article, Efficacy of a Reading Intervention for Middle School Students with Learning Disabilities.Wanzek, Vaughn, Roberts and Fletcher (2011) conducted a one year experimental study which include sixth to eighth grade students with learning disabilities from seven middle schools. In this study, researchers conducted a reading intervention by providing 50 minutes of phonemic decoding instruction to middle school students compared with similar students who did not receive the intervention. No significant differences were found for phonemic decoding fluency and passage comprehension (Wanzek, Vaughn, Roberts, Fletcher, 2011). Since no major effect TAKING KIDS BACK TO THE WORLD OF LITE RATURE.9 was encountered in this experimental study, Allingtons suggestion is correct, teachers should focus more on training struggling readers with reading comprehension by providing time and students center interest reading materials which at the same time it promotes leisure reading (Allington, 2011). Efficacy of Collaborative strategic Reading Collaborative strategic reading (CSR) is one of the effective solutions found in reading comprehension for struggling readers. Collaborative strategic reading is defined as follows Collaborative Strategic Reading (CSR) is a set of four strategies.CSR integrates word appointment, reciprocal reading, and cooperative learning. CSR teaches students how to monitor their comprehension and also how to use procedures for clear up understanding when difficulties arise. Students also learn main idea and questioning practices that assist them on text while reading and guiding group responses to text after reading (Vaughn, Klingner, Swanson, Boar dman, Roberts, Mohammed Stillman-Spisak, 2011, p. 940). The authors Mohammed, Swanson, Roberts, Vaughn, Klingner, Boardman, SREEA (2010) conducted experimental studies to test the CSR long suit for struggling readers.In their article, The Effects of Collaborative Strategic Reading Instruction on the Reading Comprehension of Middle School Students Year 1, they explained the experimental study conducted to diverse students who were identified as struggling readers. After their study analysis and the positive intrusion made on the intervened students, they concluded CSR is an effective practice that should be used as a reading intervention (Mohammed, Swanson, Roberts, Vaughn, Klingner, Boardman, SREEA, 2010).A year later, another experimental study was conducted by the authors Vaughn, Klingner, Swanson, Boardman, Roberts, Mohammed and Stillman-Spisak (2011), to examine the effects of collaborative strategic reading and metacognitive strategic learning on the reading comprehension of students. The title of the article is Efficacy of Collaborative Strategic Reading with Middle School Students. In this study, students were selected from three school districts from seventh and eighth grade. After they were TAKING KIDS BACK TO THE WORLD OF LITERATURE 10 randomly assigned to class, there were 27 similitude classes and 34 treatment classes.Students in the treatment classes received the intervention and students in the comparison classes received typical instruction (Vaughn, Klingner, Swanson, Boardman, Roberts, Mohammed Stillman-Spisak, 2011). Students in the treatment classes outperformed students in the comparison classes on a standardized reading comprehension exam. After the study findings, authors reassure CSR is an achievable and effective practice that can be integrated into reading and language arts instruction to make a positive impact (Vaughn, Klingner, Swanson, Boardman, Roberts, Mohammed Stillman-Spisak, 2011).Even though these two experimental studi es about CSR effectiveness were completed in the same states, Texas and Colorado, the researchers had different designs and questions with diversity students. In the first study The Effects of Collaborative Strategic Reading Instruction on the Reading Comprehension of Middle School Students Year 1, the authors targeted identified struggling students and used CSR as a reading intervention to experiment reading comprehension (Mohammed, Swanson, Roberts, Vaughn, Klingner, Boardman, SREEA, 2010).In the second study Efficacy of Collaborative Strategic Reading With Middle School Students, the researchers focused on the effectiveness of CSR with adolescent readers when applied by well trained and supported CSR teachers (Vaughn, Klingner, Swanson, Boardman, Roberts, Mohammed Stillman-Spisak, 2011). Reading Time Provided for self-selected books In order to promote leisure reading, one of the many suggestions made by researchers is to provide reading material that will target the adolescent s interest and give them time during school to read.To test these recommendations and see students attitudes towards reading, Rodriguez and Lira (1998) conducted an experimental study at a middle school in South Texas. The study consisted of providing 30-minute periods five times a week for eight months to 41 eighth grade students. The students assignment was to read from self-selected books (books which did not have more than five unknown words on any given page), keep a reading log, take home their books and participate in the reading club (Rodriguez Lira, 1998).This experimental design was combined with TAKING KIDS BACK TO THE WORLD OF LITERATURE 11 a descriptive and a group pretest-posttest to determine if there was a significant difference with students scores before and after the experiment. Rodriguez and Lira (1998) also made observations on students who participated in this study observing for positive attitudes towards reading. The results point out that most of the studen ts enjoyed the required reading and felt they had improve with their reading skills, specifically their vocabulary and fluency.Even though the study did not reveal significant improvements in reading achievement for the 41 students, however, the study showed greater gains in reading achievement for students with low to average reading abilities than it did with students with better reading abilities (Rodriguez Lira, 1998). In other words, struggling readers improved their reading abilities, and this fact proves a statement mentioned earlier it may take years of remediation in which the struggling reader will get better than the achieving peers (Torgeson, 2005).Successful Engagement with Text Using the E-reader Making technology part of a motivational reading tool can encourage reluctant students to engage in literature. Johnson, Mckenzie, Miranda Williams-Rossi (2011) conducted an experimental study in a middle school where 199 students were given 1525 minutes to read high intere st chapter books and stories on the Amazon Kindle reader. This was done to study the attitudes and response to reading using e-books by reluctant students.After making qualitative observations, the authors found reluctant readers demonstrated motivation in reading, engagement and expressed high levels of satisfaction with the e-readers. Researchers were very satisfied with the reluctant attitudes towards reading after this study, that they recommend e-readers to be used in reading improvement classes as another choice for reading material (Johnson, Mckenzie, Miranda Williams-Rossi, 2011). Conclusion The problem is that middle school students in Texas do not practice leisure reading creating a deficit in their reading skills as measured by the National Center forTAKING KIDS BACK TO THE WORLD OF LITERATURE 12 Education Statistics. Texas students showed an upsetting lack of improvement in reading on the Nations Report Card. In 2011, the average score of eighth-grade students in Texas was 261. This was lower than the average score of 264 for public school students in the nation (National Center for Education Statistics, 2011). The purpose of this review of literature was to examine reading interventions to promote positive attitudes towards leisure reading. The need is to improve reading skills as reflected reading scores on the Nations Report Card.It has been demonstrated that students who practice leisure reading perform better in many subject areas (Hughes-Hassell Pradnya Rodge, 2007). Leisure reading is the key to help students improve the standardized test scores. After examining experimental and nonexperimental studies conducted in and out of the state of Texas, it is alarming to know students in the middle schools choose not to read for numerous reasons. In schools, students are not being motivated to read for pleasure, instead teachers focus more on reading skills to pass standardized tests so teenagers are being forced to read lacking(p) the passion to literature (Beers, 1998).Many reading materials offered to students are out of their interest and most of the time these books are filled with unknown vocabulary words causing the student to struggle by not comprehending the reading (Palumbo Loiacono, 2009). There have been several reading interventions done to help students with vocabulary decoding and reading skills, but researches show the most important of all is reading comprehension and this can only be obtained when teenagers self-select the reading material (Rodriguez and Lira, 1998).Researches show silent reading is a great way for students to better comprehend text and it helps read at a faster rate, but most of them have not developed this skill (Gilliam, Dykis, Gerla Wright, 2011). When students enter middle school, their reading habits start declining because they start getting involved in after school activities or just hang out with friends. Time must be provided during school hours for them to dedicate leisure tim e (Allington, 2011). Parents take a big role in influencing their kids in leisure reading by practicing reading themselves and motivating their kids to practice reading at home (Hamston Love, 2005).A research study shows teenagers are fascinated with technology and using electronic devices such as e-readers has made a positive impact on reluctant readers with their attitudes towards reading (Miranda Williams-Rossi, 2011). Both qualitative and TAKING KIDS BACK TO THE WORLD OF LITERATURE 13 quantitative studies demonstrate a connection between success in school and the amount of leisure reading students do (Allington McGill-Franzen, 2003 Krashen, 1993, as cited in Hughes-Hassell Pradnya Rodge, 2007). TAKING KIDS BACK TO THE WORLD OF LITERATURE 14 References Cited Allington, R. L. (2007). strong teachers, effective instruction.In K. Beers, R, E. Probst, Reif (Eds. ), Adolescent literacy Turning promise into practice (pp. 273288). Portsmouth, NH Heinemann. Allington, R. L. (2011). Reading intervention in the middle grades. Voices From The Middle, 19(2), 10-16. Beers, K. (1998) Choosing not to read Understanding why some middle schoolers just say no. Into emphasis Understanding and Creating Middle School Readers, 1-27. Gilliam, B. K. , Dykes, F. , Gerla, J. K. , Wright, G. L. (2011). Silent reading manifestations of adolescent struggling Readers. Reading Improvement, 48(3), 118-127. Hacker. (2012). In Merriam-Webster. com.Retrieved April 30, 2012, from http//www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/hacker Hafner, L. , Palmer, B. , Tullos, S. (1986). The differential reading interests of good and poor readers in the ninth grade. Reading Improvement, 23, 39-42. Hughes-Hassell, S. Rodge, P. (2007). The leisure reading habits of urban adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Adult Literacy, 51(1), 22-33. TAKING KIDS BACK TO THE WORLD OF LITERATURE 15 Hamston, J. Love, K. (2005). Voicing resistance Adolescent boys and the cultural practice of leisure reading. Discours es studies in the cultural politics of education, 26(2), 183-202.Johnson, K. A., Mckenzie, N. , Miranda, T. , Williams-Rossi, D. (2011). Reluctant readers in middle school successful engagement with text using the e-reader. International Journal of Applied accomplishment and Technology, 1(6), 81-91. Knulst, W. Kraaykamp, G. (1998) Trends in leisure reading forty years of research on reading in the Netherlands. Poetics, 261 (September), 21-41. Mohammed, S. S. , Swanson, E. , Roberts, G. , Vaughn, S. , Klingner, J. K. , Boardman, A. , Society for Research on educational Effectiveness. (2010). The effects of collaborative strategic reading instruction on the reading comprehension of middle school students Year 1.Society For Research On Educational Effectiveness. National Center for Education Statistics. (2011). The nations report card reading 2011 state snapshot report. Texas. Grade 8, cosmos Schools. National Center For Education Statistics, ERIC. Web. 24 Mar. 2012. TAKING KIDS BACK TO THE WORLD OF LITERATURE 16 Palumbo, A. Loiacono, V. (2009). Understanding the causes of intermediate and middle school comprehension problems. International Journal of Special Education, 24(1), 75-81. Reed, D. (2010). The contribution of retell to the identification of struggling adolescent readers.Request LLC, 1-226. Rodriguez, C., Lira, J. R. (1998). A study of eighth grade students from a south Texas middle school who participated in 30-minute required reading periods of selfselected books. Torgeson, J. K. , Hudson, R. F (2006). Reading fluency Critical issues for struggling readers. In S. J. Samuels A. E. Farstrup (Eds. ), What research has to say about fluency instruction (pp. 130-158). Newark, DE International Reading Association. Torgeson, J. K. (2005).Recent discoveries on remedial interventions for children with dyslexia. In M. Snowling C. Hulme (Eds. ), The Science of reading A handbook (pp. 521-537). Malden, MA Blackwe

Bayfield Mud Analysis Essay Example for Free

Bayfield get stuck Analysis EssayThe Bayfield begrime Company has had some problems with their 50-pound bags of treating agents. They sent shipped some bags to Wet-Land Drilling, Inc. that were found to be short-weight by approximately 5%. Wet-Land beginning(a) did their own study on how many bags were short and by how much. They randomly sampled 50 bags and found the bonnie net weight to be 47.51 pounds. Wet-Land then contacted Bayfield Mud about the situation. Bayfield gave a 5% credit to Wet-Land for the mistakes. Wet-Land was not completely satisfied with the credit because the errors in the weight of the bags could have hurt their operations. Wet-Land informed Bayfield Mud that if something wish this happened again, they would take their business elsewhere.Bayfields response to all this was to expand from a one-shift to a two-shift operation. Then, they had to expand to a three-shift operation. The superfluous night-shift bagging crew consisted of all new employees. T he most emphasis was placed on increasing output. It was genuinely likely that only occasionally were bags double checked on their weight. This is where the statistical accountant has come into place.The problems that Bayfield Mud faces include the possibility of losing a customer in Wet-Land, Inc. Another problem is putting out a product that is not acceptable. This problem could lead to more than just the loss of one customer, but possibly an even greater amount.Based on the information given in the following charts and numbers, especially the control chart, it is obvious that the bag problem is out of control. Out of the 72 eons that samples were taken, 14 were out of control. That is inconceivable for a gild who intends on satisfying the customer and maintaining business. Something must be done in this company to correct the problem that has arisen.Some recommendations that I have would be to focus more on the pure tone rather than the quantity. The managers be so intent on getting the most products, that they are resulting to render the quality. It may be time to have a meeting with all managers to reemphasize that the focus should be on the quality. If the people in the upper positions do not care about the product,only that they produce a lot of it, then it may be time to think about hiring some employees in those positions that will focus on quality. A recommendation that is not as severe would be to take the time to weigh more, if not every, bag. The company of necessity to ensure that the bag really does weigh 50 pounds.If they are going to offer a 50 pound product, then make it 50 pounds. It seems that the times that most of the bags are less than 50 pounds are around the nighttime shifts. Also, the times that it seems more bags are over 50 pounds are during the daytime shifts. They need to develop a system to ensure the accuracy of advisement the bags. Whatever they would implement would have to increase quality, while not hurting the o utput numbers. There is a large demand for their product, so they must be able to meet the demand.Bayfield Mud Company has a lot of improving to do. After looking at the charts and numbers on the following pages it is obvious that something needs to be done. For the samples to be that out of control is very unacceptable. Perhaps Bayfield needs to change their strategy or even do an entire makeover of their management team. Obviously something needs to be done to ensure the victor of Bayfield Mud Company.

Consider analyle Essay Example for Free

Consider analyle EssayRomeo and Juliet how important is the opening scene of the play? How legal should it be on stage? (Deal with lines 1-11), the first mention of Romeo. Consider analyle, comment on characters, action, stage craft, the automated teller machine and theme. The opening scene of Romeo and Juliet is effective because its serious of temper and military force. These ii characteristics be powerful on their own, except unneurotic they make the first scene witty and dramatic. The opening scene is important as it sets the unscathed atmosphere of the families on going feud. The play opens with 2 Capulet servants (Sampson and Gregory) who are carrying arms, which is significant as theyre aware of violence and danger. They withal use language to imitate violence such as, thrust, and strike. As they do this it delights the groundlings watching, what amuses them is that they talk around violence then, violence towards women. I will thrust the Montagues maids to t he w all in all (Sampson). Which basi listy way that theyll rape theyre women if they had the chance. These two Capulet servants are playing with puns in the first few lines such as, coals, colliers and coller.Then they go on to delimit their feelings about the rival family, the Montagues. They imply these feelings towards the other family by saying that theyll thrust theyre women to the wall. By also ambitious the other family whether theyll be man or woman. Gregory points out that the feud is between the men, whilst Sampson replies that he doesnt care and that endocarp fight the men and then deal with their women, in a crude sexual way. The prologue suggests that the play is full of violence and tragedy. Although, the opening scene begins with a ancestrying light hearted humour.This scene should be effective on stage as it is the opposite of the prologue, and should entertain the groundlings with the crude humour and the intention of thrusting violence to the Montagues women. The two Capulet servants provoke Abraham (a Montague) and a nonher servant by biting their thumbs (which then, was considered as an insult). They carry on with their provocative humour when Benvolio (whose name means peacemaker) and Tybalt enter the scene. Sampson then steps aside, leaving Gregory to continue the fight with Abraham.Benvolio quickly breaks them up Part fools. Put up your swords, you know what you up. Tybalt then comes in and questions Benvolio (the peace maker) with his one of few lines as I hate hell, all Montagues, and thee. Have at thee coward. This line sums up that he enjoys violence implying that he hates the word peace. The atmosphere at this time is tense and humorous in about ways. It is humorous as a feud is beginning over nothing apart from a silly childish insult. This would amuse the groundlings, as it combines violence and humour.As you know these two characteristics are powerful on their own, but together they make the play witty and interesting a lthough humorous at times. This is what makes the play effective and successful. The feud is also very dramatic and a very important part of everyday liveliness for both families, make up the aged come out of their houses and fight for their family even though their health pauses as a problem. The Capulet in question is old Capulet, whose wife makes fun of his ridiculous actions that follow A crutch, a crutch Why call you for a sword? Lady Capulet implies that he needs a crutch more than a sword these eld and refuses to let him take part in the feuding Thou shalt not stir one foot to examine a foe. This is a very important scene as it tells the audience the reality of this feud. Even the old and frail are willing to get up off their chairs and pull out their sword and wait on win the feud for their family. It strikes me that the only way to stop the feuding is by a warning from the prince of Verona. He orders them all to put down their weapons and tells Capulet and Montague th at if anyone ever disturbs the peace again in this way they will be executed.after all but Montague, Lady Montague and Benvolio exit the scene Montague questions Benvolio about how this quarrel started. Then, Lady Montague asks Benvolio has he seen Romeo nowadays O where is Romeo? Saw you him today? Benvolio tells her that yes, he has seen him and that hes acting strangely. We know that he thinks hes deeply in contend with Rosaline and that his heart will never heal again. Hes also kept this affair a secret from his parents. Its not until line 154 that Romeo enters the scene, his friend and cousin Benvolio is there to cheer him up from his deepened sadness.Romeo describes how hes feeling to Benvolio as if his whole life is up side down, and that this isnt him Tut I have lost myself I am not here. This is not Romeo, hes some other where. Benvolio tries without success to discover the name of the girl Romeo has fallen in love with. Romeo explains that she is not in love with him. Shell not be hit with cupids arrow. She hath Dians wit, and in strong proof of chastity advantageously arms, from loves weak childish bow she lives uncharmed.She will not stay the siege of loving terms, nor bride Th go steady of assailing eyes, nor ope her lap to saint seducting gold. O she is rich in beauty, only poor, that when she dies, with beauty dies her store. The characters in this play are perfectly written with their personalities coming out strong throughout the play. Such as Benvolio, his name means peace maker, and thats exactly what hes done in scene one. Romeo in the first scene comes over as a conscientious teenager, but is mature also. By the end of this scene there is an obvious contrast of two things, love and hate.

Journal Article Analysis Essay Example for Free

daybook Article Analysis EssayCurrent views of the world, desires, dreams, goals, and the de gayds placed upon society argon constantly transformed by present epistemological judgments. Schommer-Aikens and Hutter (2002) investigated the relationship between an privates smell about experience, education or epistemological beliefs and how this joins to middling conversational issues (Schommer-Aikens , Hutter, 2002). Using a subject area group of 174 adults ranging in age from 17 to 71, Schommer-Aikens and Hutter (2002) posed questions assessing beliefs of companionship and the speed control of learning. Feldman addressed how as midpointptions be scram scientific knowledge by stating Sometimes we know things by reasoning or inference. When we know some facts and see that those facts support some further fact, we can come to know that further fact. Scientific knowledge, for example, seems to arise from inferences from observational data (Feldman, 2003, p. 3).Understanding how assumptions move into scientific knowledge it becomes apparent how these assumptions are qualified in research. The authors used regression analysis to quantify the assumptions of the participants as they relate to knowledge, learning, multiple perspectives, and ultimately the development of epistemological beliefs. This analysis will further identify philosophical assumptions implicit in(p) the research explain the unimaginative significance of these assumptions and their effect on its applic king to other authors and post-positive thinkers.Philosophical Assumptions underlying the queryFeldman (2003) aread that epistemology, the theory of knowledge is a philosophy that looks into the questions about knowledge and rational. Epistemologists hunt down to focus or concentrate on questions of principal aspects involving knowledge and how those beliefs regulate coherent belief. Those indoors the electron orbit are less concerned about the validity of knowledge orcoherent beli ef, be it go down or incorrect but focus more(prenominal) on causes (Feldman, 2003, p. 1). To that extent Schommer-Aikens and Hutter (2002) conducted a pursue of 174 participants, including cxx women and 54 men. The ages of the participants ranged from 17 to 71 years of age and included various personalized and educational backgrounds. done the Schommer epistemological questioner participants, including chemical engineers, clerks, home accommodaters, factory workers, pharmacists, and teachers of both genders. These participants were asked a number of questions that incorporated religious, educational, societal and personal beliefs. Questions were ranked in a comparablert- type scale ranging from strongly disagrees to strongly agree (Schommer-Aiker, Hutter, 2002).Philosophical AssumptionsSchommer-Aikens and Hutter state The results coming from epistemological research suggest that individuals beliefs about the nature of knowledge and learning are linked to their comprehension, metacomprehension, interpretation of cultivation and persistence in working on difficult pedantic tasks (Schommer-Aikens, Hutter, 2002, p. 6). The authors contend that individuals who believe knowledge is marooned into segmented bits and not enquiren as a sum total perform more poorly in the compression of mathematical, physiological, and medical textbooks (Schommer-Aikens, Hutter, 2002). This statement confirms that knowledge or epistemological commitments are a collection of data and understanding and not segmented or isolated bits of information. The assumption is those who tend to segregate knowledge and who do not attain a high(prenominal) spirit take of education have difficulty in their own epistemological commitments.This is further evident in the writings of Quine and Kuhn as these authors beleive science is a continuation of common-sense (Delanty Strydom, 2003, p. 22). According to these authors common, eeryday decisions made by the common man and woman play a s ignificant role in the creation of science. Whereas the purpose of the epistemological study was to extend epistemological beliefs to an individuals everyday life, it was also designed to reflect on academic studies. This particular phrase using the Schommer epistemological belief survey makes several assumptions.Those assumptions state those with a higher level of education are more likely to take on multiple perspectives,withhold decisions until information was available, acknowledge the complexity of everyday issues and were unbidden to modify thought processes or thinking (Schommer-Aikens, Hutter, 2002). The inference is those who take knowledge as a collection of data, not as segmented bits along with the attaining of a higher level of education were equipped for complex or critical thinking. This enabled each to understand the complexity of life, make crucial decisions, understand varying viewpoints and able to adapt as understanding grew. These assumptions have a practical significance and affect research.The Practical Significance of Assumptions and Their Effect on ResearchInferences and practical assumptions are skeletal during the research of this article, and one could argue some of the assumptions made were drawn before the research study ever began. Through personal epistemological beliefs society has long held the conviction those who attain a higher level of education are able to deal with the complexities of life. The practical significance of assumptions and their effect on the research conducted are visible in the work of Johnson and Duberley as they state both within and outside of our organizations our behavior is internally motivated, and internally justified, by what we believe about the World (Johnson Duberley, 2000, p. 2). Often in preparing for such a survey the focus group of participants used along with the questions themselves distort the data and thus the results to achieve a want result. While in this case the participants ha ve diverse backgrounds and have achieved differing degrees of education, making such assertions could distort data.Assumptions and Research MethodologyKuhn preferred historical science and by building upon prior knowledge Kuhn (2012) believes this research and distinguish was already available enabling that data to be tested using deferring mechanisms to either prove or disprove a current or prior theory. While not opposed to the empirical testing, it was his belief that details must be obtained for research. It is through this historical science and data that assumptions within society and within science about our understanding of epistemological belief have come into existence. Popper states the empirical method makes life-threatening use of acriticized approach to the method (Delanty Strydom, 2003). The empirical method tests each outline ensuring the best system moves forward after all methods have been tried, tested, and proved. Schommer-Aikens and Hutter (2000) used questi ons, including You never know what a book path unless you know the intent of the author and Its a waste of time to work on problems which have no possibility of coming out with clear-cut and unambiguous answers (Schommer-Aikens, Hutter, 2000).These answers along with others were used as a criterion in epistemological belief comparing their answers and their level of education to gauge how those answers compared with historical norms (Schommer-Aikens, Hutter, 2000). This data was past taken and a regression model developed to extract the stated research and ultimately assumptions made. Schommer-Aikens and Hutter (2000) in turn came to the same assumptions and epistemological commitments already held within social and physical science to date. The research quantified and pass the assumptions held by historical science that ones epistemological beliefs are shaped and re-shaped by the ability to link through learning, multiple perspectives, and ultimately the development of epistemo logical beliefs. The ability for humans to use successfully address complex issues, attain paradigm shifts in their understanding of the world and develop are inescapably linked with thought processes and knowledge gained through higher education.ConclusionA persons thoughts, feelings, emotion, and beliefs oft shape ones decision-making process. Other components, including perception, memory, introspection, and reasoning also assist in the formation of opinions, shape our knowledge, and transform an individuals viewpoint (Feldman, 2003, p. 3). Perception is how one sees the world around them, the sights, sounds, smells, and other senses creates an understanding of the external environs creating a mental image and often places an attachment to it. Through their research Schommer-Aikens and Hutter (2002) investigated the relationship between and individuals belief about knowledge, learning or epistemological beliefs and how this relates to average conversational issues (Schommer-Ai kens , Hutter,2002).Using the regression model the authors quantified the beliefs and assumptions the decision of which is a culmination of historical science supported by this recent research. Whilepost-positive thinking like Kuhn, Quine, and Popper may differ in view about the empirical method, testing, and paradigm shifts as theories change everywhere time the core belief of epistemological commitment remain comparable. A sentence sums up this article and the accompanying research as it pertains to epistemological belief. Those with a higher level of education are more likely to take on multiple perspectives, withhold decisions until information was available, acknowledge the complexity of everyday issues and were willing to modify thought processes or thinking (Schommer-Aikens, Hutter, 2002).ReferencesDelanty, G. Strydom, P. (Eds). (2003). Philosophies of Social Science The Classic and Contemporary readings. Philadelphia, Pa Mcgraw-Hill. https//ecampus.phoenix.edu/ suffice/eB ookLibrary2/content Feldman, R. (2003). Epistemology. Prentice Hall. The University of Phoenix. https//ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content. Kuhn, T. (2012). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago, Il. University of Chicago Press .https//ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content. Schommer-Aikins, M., Hutter, R. (2002). Epistemological Beliefs and view About Everyday Controversial Issues. Journal Of Psychology, 136(1), 5.https//ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content. Johnson, P. Duberley, J. (2000). Understanding Management Research An Introduction to Epistemology. kB Oaks CA. Sage Publishing. Prentice Hall. https//ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content.

Why Get a Degree Essay Example for Free

Why Get a Degree EssayWhy should we throw away a college education? What role does that play in our sprightliness? Growing up I have always thought of education as something that was obligated of everyone. hand give away to Elementary School, High School, and then right after that College was just a routine that was included in the apart reverseing up phrase. Little did I know that the so called routine wouldnt be the assume routine Id absorb part of in my life. After changing it up and recalling I may not pursue a college grade, my dad then influenced my pursuit of a college education. Growing up I attend Elementary School, Middle School, and High School, simply after High School I ended up taking a form off and attending a Christian gap form program called Link Year. I moved to Branson, Missouri and spent a year strengthening my ft and growing in my walk with the Lord. Little did I know that after attending this gap year program and taking a year off, that it would make my desire for a college education shrink.Why should I attend college? What was the point of regulateting a degree when I could go out into the world and shape on furthering the Kingdom? Doing things that when I die would matter most to me. These were questions I would ask myself-importance. I didnt think getting a degree would matter or effect those desires and goals I had or would put a limit on them. But wait, could they?Would I regret not getting a degree when Im senior? Once I even hinted at my dad about not wanting to go to college and get a degree, he brought a new mindset that eventually would change my mind.My dad pointed out many a(prenominal) things. For starters, having a college degree opens up business opportunities. I never thought about having a degree effecting if I could get some jobs or not. Looking into specific jobs, almost every job seems to contract some type of degree which totally makes sense. Adding to that when jobs see that you got a college deg ree they see that you were capable to take on a difficult task and finished it, which also impart give you pride and self confidence that you accomplished something challenging. Going to college and getting a degree isnt easy.It takes time, effort, and hard work Going into jobs they get out require time, effort, and hard work Not going to college and getting a degree would limit my job opportunitiesand what places would hire me, which would limit the opportunities to be a light for Christ among people.My dad continued to point out more reasons why getting a college degree was important, but these reasons werent necessarily aimed at the education case or job opportunities. Going to college and getting a degree allows us to meet people from many polar interests and backgrounds.There are people from all around America who can attend different colleges, and you never know who you entrust run into and get the opportunity to meet. It allows us to grow socially as we interact with ot her(a) people who are also striving to improve themselves, and it is challenging us to grow intellectually as we hear from many people with different beliefs as well as have opportunities to share our own.My dad influenced my pursuit of a college education. Now that I am aiming at a college degree, I will have more job opportunities to be a light in for Christ. I will have pride and confidence that I accomplished something challenging and can finish something that is difficult. I will meet many people with different backgrounds, and grow socially as I interact with other people. I will be challenged to grow intellectually as I listen to other peoples beliefs but also have the opportunity to share my own belief and the love I have for deliverer Christ. My dad influenced my pursuit of a college education, and because of it I will be forever grateful.

Twilight in delhi Essay Example for Free

Twilight in delhi EssayThe term Absurd is essenti all in allyimpregnated with various military personnel beings conditionsand situations arousing absurdity and is necessarily present in the post world war generation. Life has become bitter sweet or life in death and death in life? to the coming generation. This gentle piece of musics gentle piece predicament sprout its spears during 1920s, developed during 1940s and perpetuated in the later world. This very notion wasenchanted, transported and sometimes devastated by the intellectualsof this world such as T. S. Eliot, W. B. Yeats, Existentialists, Expressionists, Surrealists, and Absurdists of the 20th century. And wait for Godot is central sun round whom all the absurdist notionsmove. Ittranscendentstime and hasthe cosmicsignificance consequently far after 60 years ofits publication. Itinsinuates currentismand perpetuates postmodernismthatisnothing but too much with us late and soon, getting and spending, we record was te our lives before it. Really in the midsty of then terminologicalmayhem, Absurd is best identified withWaiting for Godot with its sense of vacuum in life. Lapis lapis lazuli -An foreign Literary Journal (LLILJ) 29 Key words Absurd, Existentialism, Surrealism, and Post modernism.ThetermAbsurd is essentiallyimpregnated withvarioushumanconditions and situations arousingabsurdityand is necessarily present inthe postworld wargeneration. Lifehas become bitter sweet orlifein death and deathinlife? to the coming generation. This human predicament sprouted itsspears during 1920s, developed during 1940s and perpetuated inthe laterworld. This verynotionwasenchanted, transported and sometimes devastated bythe intellectualsof this world. Ontheone hand T. S. Eliotbeautifully mirrored theinnerabsurdityofthemodernworld in his magnum-opus The waste land (1921), and Samuel Beckett in his cut through piece Waiting for Godot (1955), on the other.Superficially Abusrd means ridiculous, but literall y it means Sense having bunk bed? or having everything hath nothing?. That is considered absurd is actually anti- traditional andavant-garde,henceis ridiculed. But originally itssignificancelies in itscrude reality. WhenEliotrepents for spiritual sterility in themodernworld, which isfulloffuryand mire, Absurd dramatists were preparing a suitable platform to expose the absurdity of modern man? s life. Absurd dramatistsevenopted the absurd formto expose theabsurdityinits mosteffectiveway.Thisincludesthewriters ofbothdramaand prose fictionand themostsignificantofthem be French Jean Genet and Eugene Ionesco, Irish Samuel Beckett, English Har obsolescent Pinter, American Edward Albee and others. Both mood and dramaturgyofabsurditywere anticipated intheir works. Theywere also supported byfewothermovementslike expressionism, and surrealism, alongwith fewotherforcefulworks ofFranz Kafka (TheTrial, Metamorphosis).Thiscurrent movementemerged inFrance after the world was second, asa rebellio nagainstessential pictures and values oftraditional culture and traditionalliterature, whichhad the belief that-What a piece of work is a man? How noble in reason, how infinite in cleverness In form and moving how expressand admirable In apprehensionhowlike a God The beauty ofthe worldThe nonesuch of animals?. (Hamlet 47) Theorizing the Absurd Waiting for Godot SixtyYears afterward 30 But afterthe 1940s existentialist philosophy byJean- Paul Sartre Ablert Camus opined human being as an isolated existant, cast into an alien universe, having a fruitless search for enjoyment and kernel and proceedingtowardsnothingness. They believe that- Its an odd world Full of allthings absurd Most ofit obscure Unseen and unheard. (Brainy Quotes)Thisvery absurdityhas been beautifully penned byAlbert Camus in his The storyof Sisyphus? (1942) as Ina universe thatis suddenly deprived ofillusions and oflight, manfeels stranger. Hisis anirremediable exile This diovrce between man and hislife, the ac tor and his setting real constitutes the feeling of absurdity. (13) and as EugeneIonesco added fire to the fuel by statingthat- Cut off from his religious, metaphysical, and transcendental roots, man is lost, all his actions become senseless, abusrd and useless. (A Glossary of the Literary Terms 1) Thisvery notionseemssimilartothefollowing lines byS.T. Coleridge,ofhisfamousballad gibe of the Ancient Mariner. Water-water every where Not a drop to drink. (Coleridge 14) SamuelBeckett(1906-89), the mostcelebrated author ofthisvein, isanIrishauthor, writing inFrenchand thentranslating hisownworks into English. His beginning lies inthe breakdown of traditional values. His prominent and dominent theme, hence is man? s alienation and search forselfwhich is the prevailing mode of modernman? slife. His works showthe dusk ofmodernismand dawnofpost-modernismand so washonored withNobelPrize for Literature Lapis Lazuli -An International Literary Journal (LLILJ)31 in1969. As we bid good dayt o onestar, we welcome the other ata transitionalpoint, in the equal way the publication of Waiting for Godot in 1955, was the appreciated transitional presence on the stage, which bid adieu to themodernism and welcomed post-modernism. ThetermPostmodernism designates too muchwith us late and soon,getting and spending, we laywaste ourlives before it.?Thefounder of this termis Charles Jencks, buthas beenbeautifully defined by Dick Hebdige in Hiding in the Light as The collective chagrin and morbid projections of a post- warfare generation of babyboomers showing disillusioned nub age, the predicament? of reflexivity the collapse of cultural hierarchies, the dread engendered by the threat of nuclear self-destruction a sense (developing onwho youread)of placelessness? or theabandonmentofplacelessness(criticalregionalism).Waiting for Godot beautifully designates all these paraphernalia of postmodernism through a vague and nebular word as well as term of terminological mayhem absurd?. The play has proliferated at anexceptionalrate overthe last 60years becauseitdealswiththenotionof man? s existence in this futile world.The playWaiting for Godot portrays an image of man? s existence, which evenafter60 yearsofitspublications seems preferably real. Todaymanhas gained cloth advancement but inner triviality or fragility is still lurking upon his self. The play is a modern allegory of post-war man in a godless, dimensionless and significanceless world. recently Syrian Army attacked on capital of Syria suburb with chemical weapons, after the Nato? s attack on Yugoslavia and the suffrage in Iraque. Here the lines of W. B. Yeats seems quite applicable, when he says that Turning and turning inthewidening gyre, The falcon can not hear the falconer?Things fall bythe center cannot hold, Mere anarchyis loosed upon theworld, The blood dimmed tide is loosed and everywhere, The ceremony ofinnocence is drowned. (The Second Coming) Theorizing the Absurd Waiting for Godot SixtyY ears After 32 Waiting for Godot formulates a definition of man that transcends the time. The plays that follow it are also pre-occupied with the feeling representative of our times. All that Fall (1959), a radio play, describes man? s frustration and absurdity.Kropp? s Last tape (1958) is concerned with the perfect realization of Beckett?s idea of human isolation. Embers (1959) is a monologue of an old man who is haunted by the memory of the past and feels used, confused, and abused. Happy Days (1961) stages the irrationality of human existence without purpose and order. Beckett? s world bears a close resemblance to Camus? s world depicted in The Myth of Sisyphus. Universe suddenly divested of illusions and lights, man feels an alien, stranger.His exile is without remedysince he isdeprived of the memoryofa losthomeor the hopeofapromised land. Camus? s book appeared in 1942, i. e. , during the World War II.The development of the feeling ofthe absurd passesthrough four stages (1) F irst one recognizes the meaninglessness oflifewhichis shocking. Second is vivacious inconflict between intention(innervoice) andreality. Thethirdistheassumptionofheroic dimensions through living the conflictand makingithis God. The fourthand finalstage consists inthe conscious affirmationthatnothing happens in lifein reality. The sense ofanguish at the absurdityoflife is the theme oftheplays notonlyofSamuelBeckett, but ofAdamov, Ionesco and Genetalso. Asimilarsense ofthemeaninglessness oflifeisalso thetheme ofdramatists, like Sartreand Camus. Butthereis a difference.Thetheatreofthe Absurd abandonsrational devices whereasSartre and Camus expressthenewcontentinthe old convention. MartinEsslin comments on the plays of Beckett is apt, apposite, and appropriate Beckett? s plays lack plot even more completely than otherworks of the Theatre of the Absurd. sooner of alinear development, they present their author? s intuition of the human coordination by a method thatis essentially polyphon ic, they confront their audience with an organized structure of Lapis Lazuli -An International Literary Journal (LLILJ).33 statements and images that interpenetrate to each one other and thatmust be apprehended in their totality, rather like the different themes in a symphony, whichgain meaning by their simultaneous interaction. (The Theatre of the Absurd 44-45) Waiting for Godot is now recognized as a contemporaneous classic. It was written in 1948, since thenithas beentranslated into manylanguages and performed all over the world. Themost remarkable thingabouttheplayisitsunconventional design. Theplayis apparently haphazard. Butactually it isan extraordinarily powerfulplayin which form and meaning are skilfully blended.The coreofa good playis actionorhappenings, here the verypurpose oftheplayis to say that nothing happens -nothing really happens in human life. Waiting of Godot is thus a paradox. Itisa drama of inaction. Asmanisusually ignorantabout hisrealpurpose in life and he lives inhope ofsome revelationinfuture. We justhangaround waitinglike thetramps or rushmadly aboutlike Pozzo in search of some purpose. We effort to get a purpose and orderinthat world whichsteadfastly refusesto evidence either. Waiting for Godot is having four characters, who are not four distinct personalities.They are rather generalized images of allmankind(109) whichinLucky? s phrase, isseento waste andpine wasteand pine (73). Theyrepresent aview ofmanas a helpless victim of his life. Non-specific settings are a common feature of Beckett? s drama. The stage -space intheplayisabsolutelybare. Itisindescribable. Itis likenothing. Thereis nothing. There is a tree says Vladimir (117). Strange happenings (sudden rise of the moon, sprouting of leaves), strange characters and their irrational behaviour suggest abstract forest of this setting. The text describes itas void ornothing.Thewhole plot, whichis actuallyabsentmoves round thewaitingofthat personwhose identity, is evennotsure. V ladimirand EstragonwaitforGodot, whose arrivalissupposed butalways suspended as modernmanwhatever wishes to do or achieve, scattersinsilence. Now, united we Theorizing the Absurd Waiting for Godot SixtyYears After 34 do notstand butfallinthisfutile world. Eventhoughtlessnesshasbecome the source oftrouble. Thefollowing discussionmade by Vladimir and Estragon beautifully designates it We are in no danger of thinking any more Thinking is not theworst. What is terrible is to have thought.(1954 62-63) Eventually the forbearance of Beckett? s Waiting for Godot pruned the modern man? s body and soul alike. Even after sixty years of its publication, we designate its significance and relevance both thematically and stylistically. Really whena manpassesthroughexcess deprivationand hopelessness, whether he commits suicide or tries to take revenge but absurdity even does not allows either. Works Cited Abrams, M. H. AGlossaryofLiteraryTerms. IndiaThomsonBusinessInternationalIndiaPvt. Ltd. 2006. Print. Beckett, Samuel. WaitingforGodot. NewYork Grave Press. 1954. Print. Camus, Albert.The Myth of Sisyphus. Harmondsworth PenguinBooks. 1975. Print. Coleridge, S. T. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. India Anmol Publication. 2009. Print. Esslin, Martin. The Theatre of the Absurd. New YorkDoubleday. 1961. Print. Hebdige, Dick. Hiding inthe Light On Images and Things. London Routledge. 1988. Print. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. India Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. 2001. Print. Lapis Lazuli -An International Literary Journal (LLILJ) 35 Bio-note- Vijay Kumar Rai, Research Scholar,Dept. of English, DDU Gorakhpur University e-mail-Vijaykumar. emailprotected com.