Renal System Physiology Physioex

Exercise 9: Renal System Physiology: Activity 3: Renal Response to Altered Blood Pressure Lab ReportPre-lab Quiz ResultsYou scored 25% by answering 1 out of 4 questions correctly. 1. If all other variables are kept constant, how does the afferent arteriole radius affect the rate of glomerular filtration (select all that apply)? Your answer : b. A decreased afferent arteriole radius will increase the rate of glomerular filtration. Correct answer: c. An increased afferent arteriole radius will increase the rate of glomerular filtration. . A decreased afferent arteriole radius will decrease the rate of glomerular filtration. 2. If all other variables are kept constant, how does the efferent arteriole radius affect the rate of glomerular filtration (select all that apply)? Your answer : d. A decreased efferent arteriole radius will decrease the rate of glomerular filtration. Correct answer: a. An increased efferent arteriole radius will decrease the rate of glomerular filtration. b. A decreased efferent arteriole radius will increase the rate of glomerular filtration. 3. If all other variables are kept constant, how does blood pressure affect the rate of glomerular filtration (select all that apply)? Your answer : c. If blood pressure goes down, the rate of glomerular filtration goes up. Correct answer: b. If blood pressure goes up, the rate of glomerular filtration goes up. d. If blood pressure goes down, the rate of glomerular filtration goes down. 4. In the absence of other renal processes (including tubular reabsorption and secretion), more glomerular filtration leads to a larger urine volume.You correctly answered: a. trueExperiment ResultsPredict Question: Predict Question: What will happen to the glomerular capillary pressure rate and glomerular filtration rate if both of these arteriole radii changes are implemented simultaneously with the low blood pressure condition?Your answer : b. Glomerular filtration rate and pressure will rise above baseline values.Stop & Think Questions:If blood pressure were to drop (for example, as the result of blood loss), what changes in the nephron would allow the kidney to maintain ts normal glomerular filtration rate (select all that apply)?Your answer: c. afferent arteriole constrictionCorrect answer: a. afferent arteriole dilation d. efferent arteriole constriction2. Comparing the glomerular filtration rate and glomerular capillary pressure with the baseline values (from the first run), how effective was the increased afferent arteriole radius in compensating for the low blood pressure?Your answer : b. The afferent arteriole dilation improved the low glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate marginally.Correct answer: c. The afferent arteriole dilation returned the low glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate almost to baseline values.3. Comparing the glomerular filtration rate and glomerular capillary pressure with the baseline values (from the first run), how effective was the decreased efferent arteriole radius in compensating for the low blood pressure?You correctly answered: b. The efferent arteriole constriction improved the low glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate marginally.Experiment Data:Post-lab Quiz ResultsYou scored 0% by answering 0 out of 4 questions correctly. 1. If all other variables are kept constant, when blood pressure decreases, glomerular filtrationYour answer: b. remains approximately the same.Correct answer: c. ecreases.2. If afferent arteriole radius decreases in response to an increase in blood pressure, then glomerular filtrationYour answer: a. increases.Correct answer: b. remains approximately the same.3. If all other variables are kept constant, when the efferent arteriole radius decreases, glomerular filtrationYour answer: c. decreases.Correct answer: a. increases.4. With blood pressure held at a constant value, which of the following combinations will raise the glomerular filtration rate above baseline values? Your answer: c. afferent rteriole constriction and efferent arteriole constrictionCorrect answer: b. afferent arteriole dilation and efferent arteriole constrictionReview Sheet Results1. List the several mechanisms you have explored that change the glomerular filtration rate. How does each mechanism specifically alter the glomerular filtration rate?Your answer: Renal mechanisms have effects on water excretion . GFR is large compared to the amount of urine produced. Most water in the filtrate because of renal processes and independent of ADH action2.Describe and explain what happened to the glomerular capillary pressure and glomerular filtration rate when both arteriole radii changes were implemented simultaneously with the low blood pressure condition. How well did the results compare with your prediction?Your answer: The simultaneously implementation of both arteriole rates changing caused glomerular filtration rate and low blood pressure conditions went above the baseline value.3. How could you adjust the afferent or efferent radius to compensate for the effect of reduced blood pressure on the glomerular filtration rate?Your answer: You can co nstrict or dilate them.4. Which arteriole radius adjustment was more effective at compensating for the effect of low blood pressure on the glomerular filtration rate? Explain why you think this difference occurs.Your answer: There was a greater increase of glomerular pressure when afferent radius is increased ra ther than the decrease of the efferent radius.5. In the body, how does a nephron maintain a near-constant glomerular filtration rate despite a constantly fluctuating blood pressure?Your answer: Auto-regulation

Freewill vs Predistnation in Dr Faustus Essay

Dr Faustus is a german scholar who shuts himself off from human normal life to achieve his aspirations, he is not only willing to to sell his soul to the devil but also to be the devil himself † to be a spirit in form and in substance†,Dr Faustus is born to an ordinary family in germany in a small town called Rhode , he was educated at wittenberg a famous German university and obtained a degree in theology. Faustus is a shakeasperian character he isn’t rich or a king but he is a man of hight social rank,he has a flaw in his character,the hero (dr Faustus) has a problem in his character which leads to his downfall. Faustus is a great scientist who has a great knowledge,he has an extreme pride and arrogance, he is not happy with the level of knowledge and science that he reaches, he wants to reach a level that fit with his think,he wants to control the earth , to gaine power and full control,to transcend human life Oh what a world of profit and delight† Of power,of honour,of ominopotance By comparing himself with a â€Å"studious artizan,† Faustus hopes to gain all worldly pleasures and goods as the fruits of scholarly work. He does not understand,everything must be under his command All of these things have left him unsatisfied, so now he turns to magic to black magic Faustus realizes that by practicing the dark arts, he will have extreme power in the world. This is the turning point in his transition from scholar to magician. Faustus conjured a demon, Mephistophilis, ordering him to go to Lucifer with the offer of Faustus’s soul in return for twenty-four years of power and of pleasure with Mephistopheles as servant to him, Before the time comes to sign the contract, Faustus has doupts, but he puts them aside and signs away his soul, writing with his own blood. Faustus begins his years filled with sinful nature. He feeds greedly on the art of awakening the dead,he realizes his mistake in believing power will bring him happiness,at the end of his 24 years Faustus is filled with fears and he becomes regretful for his past action,yet this comes too late when his fellow scholars find his body torns in pieces and his soul carried to hell. There is a failure of Christianity at the end of the drama because Faustus fails o repent. He cries out but no one is ready to listen . The ultimate lesson is that if we try to change our label from â€Å"Human being† into â€Å"God†, ultimate truth will be a punishment and that is terrible damnation,The end of the Faustus is really horrible,Faustus doubts in god’s existence is the worst thing. Eternal damnation is a result of suspicion in God. Indeed, Faustus is a tragic common man.

The Interrogation process, techniques and approaches Essay

The Interrogation process, techniques and approaches - Essay Example American criminal history is replete with instances when innocent people have been handed down sentences while the real culprits move scot free. Even today, it is roughly believed that there are between 65 and 300 false confessions per year in the United States. This study seeks to study the various impacts of interrogation and the procedures, which are followed in interrogation .Through the study of decided cases on the subject it is felt that existing laws need to be reviewed and revamped to provide more effective and speedier justice trials to the victims and punishment for the offenders. With the changing times it has become necessary to modernize the crime fighting mechanism in the country to eschew traditional forms and embrace modern technology including the production of complete documented electronic recordings of suspects and enforcement of a stricter code of conduct for the investigators by adopting more subtler, yet effective means of establishing truth in criminal cases. This also envisages a stricter Code of Conduct for the investigators into adopting more subtler, yet effective means of establishing truth in criminal cases based heavily upon scientific data and expert opinions, rather than browbeating suspects into confessions, whether proved true or false. This would ensure that the legal infrastructure need not have to enter into fresh controversies in imparting justice as and when it becomes imperative to do so in the carriage of justice and fair play in legal dealings. The interrogation system is important because it is an opportunity to test whether the suspects are lying or utter false statements. When such lies or false statements are made, the police are in a position to reinforce the fact that the suspects are involved in the crime and could therefore, challenged the statements delivered, or disallow the claims and alibis

Critical analysis of a book, Nectar in a Sieve Essay

Critical analysis of a book, Nectar in a Sieve - Essay Example The hint of change provided in the lower status of Rukmani’s marriage is carried forward with the building of the tannery in her husband’s village. Conflicts of tradition and the outside world begin to insinuate themselves into Rukmani’s life, bringing change almost faster than she can adjust. Struggling through poverty and heartbreak, as well as the changing socioeconomic culture of their village, Rukmani demonstrates a quiet, pragmatic dignity that is concerned with life. By telling the story of a young Indian woman as she weds her husband and grows old with him, raises a family and suffers several hardships along the way, author Kamala Markandaya strives to present a picture of a changing world and how it is the love of a family that overcomes these tremendous challenges. Markandaya’s novel is a fictional account of an Indian woman’s experience in the rural villages of India presented in first-person narrative voice from Rukmani’s perspective. Because she never provides a village name or date, it is impossible to determine exactly when the story is taking place, giving it a timeless quality that speaks equally today as it did when it was written, shortly after India became independent of Britain. â€Å"Some readers of Nectar in a Sieve see Kamala Markandaya’s portrayal of Indian peasants as mythlike. One figure often mentioned as a model for Rukmani is the goddess Sita. Sita emerged from the earth into life when her stepfather was plowing his fields and became the wife of the Hindu god Rama. In the great epic poem Ramayana, Sita is a symbol of devotion, never-ending patience, and self-sacrifice. In art, she is often shown gazing at Rama with blissful happiness† (â€Å"Study Guide†, n.d.). Rukmani is indeed pr esented as the epitome of self-sacrifice and patience within the novel, consistently working to uphold the traditional beliefs of her

The Olympic Games Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Olympic Games - Essay Example However, there was not enough positive response from the delegates. That was actually devised for the study of amateur sports, he again voiced his view on the revival of the Olympic Games and was delighted when the other countries participating in the Congress agreed with him. Following this consensus, delegates decided to have Coubertin construct a committee, comprising members of various countries, to conduct the first Modern Olympics in Athens, Greece. That committee headed by Demetrious Vikelas from Greece oversaw the preparations for the games and that committee only became the later day and now functioning International Olympic Committee. So, Pierre de Coubertin is widely-acknowledged as the originator of the modern Olympic Games, along with Demetrios Vikelas. The three Latin words of Citius, Altius, and Fortius became the Olympic motto, with Coubertin himself proposing after having borrowed it from his friend Henri Didon, a Dominican priest who taught the sport to students. Th e games started at the Athens’ Panathenaic Stadium in a celebratory mood on 6th April 1896 and concluded on 15th April. â€Å"The modem games were inaugurated in style, with the ritual and fanfare that Coubertin felt was essential to their social purpose.† Competitors came from 14 nations, with around 245 athletes, all of whom were male. From those beginnings, the games continued to take place with increasing number of countries and athletes every four years, with the exception of the years during the World Wars.

The rock'n'roll era and beyond Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The rock'n'roll era and beyond - Essay Example The identity does not only include personal identity, but also regional, national, gender, ethnic and cultural identity. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to briefly present an overview of how music can reflect a generation identity. It will also analyze two artists from different decades and how the two musicians connect to listeners at specific stage of life and finally. Finally, the paper will discuss what music reveals about the changes and continuities in the perception of that age identity. In discussing the identity in music, we need to ask ourselves whether it is true that everyone has a musical identity. Few people say that they lack interests in music or liking of the music whatsoever. Most have strong liking of music and dislikes depending on the type of music. Taste for music have always been shown to related to age, music training level and some aspects of cognitive style and personality. Most people listen to music of different levels of engagements to regulate th eir moods in different contexts while they are also involved in other activities. It may seem reasonable that in analyzing the musical identities to look at all the concepts of the people. The broad patterns of musical preferences among people and also the transitory likes and dislikes form the integral part of our music identities (Jennings 1991). It is widely believed that the taste and preferences in listening form the most important part of most people. However, this may not be so among other people in the society. Furthermore, domain music importance varies very much in self-identities. This level of variation may depend on the level of involvement such as the musicians themselves or the solo performers. One of the factors that play a role in teenager’s generation identity is music. They identify with artists and different musical styles to reflect their individual identity as a generation. Over many generations, you will find many parents lamenting on the type of music their young ones listen. Over a period of a hundred years ago, it was jazz, followed by big band, rock n’ roll, then funk, electronic music, rap and finally hip hop. The parents mostly complain about the noise that the young stars listen to hence refusing to listen or understand â€Å"that music.† It is true that music can connect us with each other if we open to listen, understand and receive it. Therefore, in finding identity, people of different age groups do tend to prefer particular type of music. In the 1950s in its last half, as rock ‘n’ roll of the Americans began to assume its hegemony over the airwaves and the habits of the young people of buying records across the whole of the industrialized world, this popular new brand of music began to be primarily perceived as a phenomenon for the youth. This perception was reinforced in the 1960s by the development of the youth movement, which expressed itself self-consciously through distinctive forms of p op and rock music. Many believed that this conjunction resulted to the success of the rock music. It was primarily due to the young stars articulation of their sense of identity mostly based on the idea of age and generation. In the word of Frith (1978), the sociology of rock cannot be separated to the sociology of the youth. In the 1970s, the youth to music relationship differed significantly along a number of dimensions especially in social class, ethnicity and gender (Murdock et al

Corporate Finance Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Corporate Finance - Coursework Example However, the application of the IRR technique revealed that the project has an IRR of 20.2% which is less than the rates FCL uses to discount their investments. In consideration of the rate of inflation and the fact that there seem to be no basis for using a 21 per cent and a 26 per cent rate of inflation as suggested in a meeting, the recommendation was made to invest in the project. The basis for this suggestion was that the investment would facilitate an increase in the company’s efficiency. Furthermore, it would help to improve FCL’s image and so allow the company to obtain more contracts and thus increase its revenues. Introduction Investing in a project is not a simple matter. It involves an assessment of different options. If the project relates to an asset for a new idea, this requires consideration of a number of different options which are completely new to the organization. However, if it involves a new piece of equipment to replace an existing one, it requir es consideration of the equipment in use compared to the alternative. FCL is considering whether to replace an old crane which has five (5) years left to be put out of commission with a new ALII Crane. The ALII would allow the company to get additional opportunities in the market which the old crane would not be able to facilitate. It would also be able to produce items faster which mean a faster turnaround time and less production backlog for the company. Purchasing a new piece of equipment normally involves a large capital outflow and so the company’s ability to obtain funds is normally one of the main considerations. However, since financing the project is not a challenge, the focus here is not on obtaining money to finance it. Some of the things to be considered include cash flow and the ability of the company to generate enough revenue to make a profit or to break-even with this investment. Additionally, the project needs to be appraised to determine whether the investme nt will generate the required returns. The project will be assessed in terms of its net present value (NPV) over the ten year period, the payback period and the projects internal rate of return (IRR). Break-even analysis It is important to consider the ability of the company to generate the volume of sales necessary to break-even. The breakeven point is the point at which the company neither makes a profit nor a loss (BPP 2011; Horngren et al. 2000). This is a measure that is frequently used to measure risk in a business (Singh and Deshpande 1982). The ability to generate a profit or to break-even is not the only important issue and so the timing of FCL’s cash flow is also of paramount importance. Cash Flows A projects cash flow is very important. In order to determine the feasibility of the investment the cash flows will have to be evaluated (Emory et al. 2007; Titman et al. 2011). In fact, Popescu (2008) indicates that cash is the lifeblood of a business; therefore, it is i mportant for the people who are placed in authority to pay special attention to cash inflows and outflows and their timing. Cash will flow inwards from sales revenue while cash will flow outwards to pay for expenses that will be incurred on the project. The focus should be on incremental cash flows that are generated from the use of the

David Cole Interviews Dr Franciscek Piper Research Paper

David Cole Interviews Dr Franciscek Piper - Research Paper Example The greatest tragedy, however, continues to be the conspiracy that the Holocaust never occurred. In my personal opinion, I don’t know how anyone in their right mind could think for a second that a million people were murdered in concentration camps. It seems David Cole’s facts are based on memories of Holocaust victims, fuzzy memories that are rough around the edges. If I met David Cole, I would ask him, â€Å"What is your worst memory? Please describe it in excruciating detail. I’ll take you to the location and you can tell me each detail exactly. If you can’t do that, then I won’t believe that ever happened to you. I’ll assume you’re making the whole thing up.† How does a society measure the number of deaths that occurred after a horrifying holocaust when the majority of victims lie in mass, un-numbered graves? To the base, the existence of a horrific event on facts that cannot be proven seems a little unfair. Sure, the initial estimate by the Russians was four million then later changed to one million. That’s still one million innocent people. We’ll never know the true number of victims, there’s no way to know that. David Cole claims that Dr. Piper’s memory of the gas chamber appears to be sketchy. Perhaps it is a fuzzy memory, but I’m sure there’s a reason behind that. Why would someone want to remember such a horrifying place? Wouldn’t the human brain involuntarily block that memory for survival purposes? Could a human being continue to live a happy life if he wasn’t able to suppress those memories? I don’t think so. Also, why would millions of other Jews make up such a story?

Understanding of ethics and ethical understanding of life event or Essay

Understanding of ethics and ethical understanding of life event or life stage and of the ceremony that celebrates it - Essay Example This article highlights the concept of ethics in its simplest possible form. Many people tend to equate ethics with feelings. They believe that being ethical is like following one's feelings. This is however clearly not true because feelings frequently deviate from what is right. On the other hand ethics should not even be identified with religion. It is true that most religions do preach ethics in the purest form. Many believe in supernaturalism i.e good is what god has ordained. However, we must understand that ethics and observation of moral codes of behaviour are as much a duty of a religious person as that of an atheist or someone who is not that religious for that matter. Therefore ethics is clearly not a factor of religion. Ethics is also not the same as following the law. It is true that more often than not laws regulate ethical conduct in a society. However, laws like feelings can deviate from being right. Lastly, ethics is not about doing whatever the society accepts. Accor ding to the theory of cultural relativism good is equivalent to what is acceptable in the society. Cultural relativism exhorts that ethics is not about objectivity and that they vary from place to place and culture to culture. This is partly correct. However; socially approved is not always good for the following reasons. Standards of behaviour in societies frequently deviate from what the right thing to do is. ... Although it was by no means an ethical thing to dowhen we look at it logically through the eyes of reason. Even though cultural relativists may not agree with this statement and argue that female infanticide was the right thing to do in the context of the Arab culture. It was the accepted norm in the society and few dared to challenge it. In addition to this the lack of social consensus on many issues prevents societal acceptability to become an ethical standard. Therefore it is futile to assume that any of the above mentioned sources of ethics can dictate ethical standards. Another approach to determining ethical standards is that of consequentialism. This theory asserts that an action is good or bad because its results are good or bad. Thereby the morality of a certain behaviour or conduct is determined by its results. More simply put the ends justify the means. Consequentialists would consider Robin Hood to be ethical because he was stealing for a good cause. However, there is a catch in this theory. It completely disregards means. Although I believe that means are as important as the ends. If you are collecting money through unfair means and giving it for charity, you are by no means being ethical because your means are wrong. Ethical behaviour should comprise both the right means and the right ends. Only then can conduct be classified as truly ethical and right.( Gensler.H, 1998) Other than this many believe that intuition is the perfect judge of right and wrong. Most moral judgements can be made by relying on one's intuition and that there are certain objective moral truths which are universally acceptable. The basic moral truths are thereby though to be evident to

Reflection paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Reflection - Research Paper Example On the other side, the director did not try to make use of his individual freedom in the movie Lord of the Flies. In short, I consider the film Lord of the Flies as the visual version of the novel. This reflection paper is divided into three: human psychology, alienation and survival instinct, and struggle to gain ultimate power. Human psychology I like to visualize how I react when I happen to reach an uninhabited island. In the film, one can see that the director followed the novel, but provides ample importance to human psychology. For instance, the boys (say, military school cadets) like Ralph and Jack possess leadership quality. Ralph tries to make use of his leadership quality to help others and plans to escape from the island. But Jack makes of his leadership quality to intimidate others and to control them. The clash between Ralph and Jack divides the boys into two groups. One can see that cohesive feeling leads to unity in a diverse society. When we face a personal problem, our family members help us to solve the same. Within the context of the film, cohesive feeling helps the boys to survive. But some of the boys under Jack’s leadership exhibit their real character of savagery. On the other side, revolt against leadership is related to survival. ... In the film, Jack is not ready to use him leadership quality for the wellbeing of his followers. Instead, he tries to kill Ralph and his followers. So, the director makes use of the characters like Ralph and Jack to unveil the differences among human beings. Alienation and survival instinct If I happen to be in a far away Island, I will try my level best to survive. Then, I will consider the scope of escaping from the Island. One can see that survival is most important for an individual who is entrapped in a lonely island. In the film, the director portrays the boys’ attempt to survive in the island. The boys are military school cadets but they face alienation in the island because their motherland is far away. When we face the problem of alienation in the society, we react differently. For instance, some individuals will be ready to face the problem and some others will consider that their life is doomed. But some others will try to grab leadership. In the film, most of the b oys are ready to accept Ralphs’ leadership, because he is an inborn leader. The boys considered that Ralph can help the group to escape from the island. The survival instinct inherent in human beings is helpful to deal with critical conditions in life. But Jack considers Ralph as an enemy and tries to kill him. One can see that Jack’s aim was not to escape from the island, but to create his own kingdom in the island. He provides less importance to alienation and related issues. In the film, Ralph’s leadership proves to be unsuccessful because he fails to take apt decisions in critical conditions. On the other side, Jack exploits Ralph’s drawbacks and gains the confidence of the other members of the group. The struggle to gain ultimate power The fight between good and

Speech Analysis Essay Example for Free

Speech Analysis Essay The speech about homelessness in the United States was a great one, but there were few things that needs to be improved. He needs to avoid speaking too fast, and the camera should be focused on the speaker alone. While giving a speech, it is very important for the speaker to present his points clearly and concisely. However, this speech can be improved if the presenter takes into consideration the speed of his speech. The speech was very good likewise the structure of his presentation. In addition, the way he presented himself, vocabulary used, and the way he organized his point were fantabulous. However, he ended his speech with a rhetorical question saying â€Å"Are we willing to change?† Beyond no reasonable doubt, the question he left was meant for no one to answer, but a change is required in order to counteract this question. Generally speaking, my overall grade for this speech is an A.

Co-supervision Model of Placement

Co-supervision Model of Placement Discussion The aim of the study wasto explore clinicians perspectives as students of their experience of co-supervision practice education placements.   This was done by exploring the challenges and benefits of the co-supervision model as experienced as a student across locations and/or with two therapists.   The emerging themes were generally synonymous with previous research in the area.   The discussion will provide an overview of the key themes identified, and their significance to both advance practice in clinically based education, and to enhance students experiences and learning. Clear Communication Due to the co-supervision models multitude of diverse communication channels between co-supervisors, the student, the agency, and the university, open and clear communication is key to the models effective working (Coulton and Krimmer 2004).   The findings show thatcommunication is essential in enabling the co-supervision model to work well.   The evidence demonstrates that practicing the co-supervision model of placement improves and encourages students communication skills (NHS 2007).Agreeing on clear communication lines between the student and the educator is essential in the success of practice placements (Barr et al. 2006).   The current results show that communication between the student and the Educators, both formally, in supervision, and informally, was crucial in the development of the students learning.   The research shows that a vital component of successful communication was an open and unthreatening environment.   This is in-line with Henderson (2006), who su ggests that a supportive positive working environment created by the practice educator plays an important role in the transfer of learning to the student in a clinical context. An open environment offers the student an opportunity to make mistakes and learn from these mistakes without the fear of being reprimanded (Richardson et al. 1997).   Communication between the educator and the student is not only essential in carrying out a split model of placement, but it is also crucial in managing the safety of the client group (Clouder and Daly 2002).   Open communication has been shown to nurture learning among students on clinical educational placements (Bates, Bates and Bates, 2007; Richards, Sweet and Billett, 2013 cited in Grace and O Neill 2014). Preparation The results demonstrate that the preparation of both the educators and the students play an important role in the 2:1 model of placement.   When educators failed to prepare for the arrival of their student, it resulted in the students negative experience on placement.   Whereas, when educators were fully prepared for their students, students reported an overall positive experience on placement by the student.   The results indicate that clinical supervisors must allow themselves sufficient preparation time to put supports in place to ensure the optimum learning of the student (Grace and O Neill 2014).   Preparation for the student on placement means to allow the student the time and resources to gather information on their client group and setting, envision any obstacles they may face, and develop strategies and coping skills to manage these difficulties (Tuenissen and Westerman 2011).   Evidence in the area highlights that organisational and preparation skills learned prio r to placement plays an important role in the utilisation of the 2:1 model (Sevenhuysen 2014).   In the absence of adequate preparation, the student is entering a placement with an increased risk of anxiety and stress (Kaneo and Keoske 2010). Poor fieldwork preparation by students results in the negative emotions of anxiety and strain which lead to poorer performance overall on placement (Gelman 2004). Increased Workload Students preferred the learning opportunities of the co-supervision model at a later stage of placement.   This is in line with Cahill et al. (2012) who shows that the timing of the clinical education model is an important factor while on placement.   The results stated that the co-supervision model of placement was not suitable for a students initial placement, as the student had to manage a variety of factors, which included learning styles, varied populations and locations.   The co-supervision model of placement is more suitable at a later stage of placement, when the student has accumulated the skills to manage a fast pace environment (O Connor et al., 2012).   The findings suggest that working across two sectors on a split placement had both its strengths and weaknesses.   A strength of the co-supervision model across two sectors was that it allowed for the student to maximise their learning experience of different client groups and settings. The advantages of an incr eased workload provide the student with broader fieldwork experiences (Occupational Therapy Outreach 2004).   However, the results show that a challenge of this was that the student experienced a less a structured placement, which led to a challenging feeling of switching mindsets between client groups and locations.   This is in line with Gaiptman and Forma (1991), who highlight that switching between two practice areas can cause the student frustration and make it difficult for the student to follow through on client care plans.   Further challenges identified that the co-supervision model of placement was not suitable for a short placement as it did not allow the student sufficient time to become familiar with the setting, the client group, and/or the educators. Influence of Learning Styles An unexpected theme of the importance of the influence of learning styles on the student and educator relationship and learning, emerged from the research.   The facilitation and identification of the students different learning styles and needs allows for a professional relationship and interaction with clinical educators (Murphy et al. 2012; Kelly 2007).   This was also apparent in the current study, which emphasized that differing student and educator learning styles, in some cases, proved beneficial as it made for more dynamic supervision.   In agreement with these results, previous research indicates that for the student and educator to work well together they must negotiate roles and workings styles (Coulton and Krimmer 2005).   However, the results also showed that negotiating different learning styles can also be difficult.   Evidence demonstrates that in other cases students found it difficult to learn if their learning styles were not compatible with that of their clinical instructor (Secomb 2008).   The relationship between student and educator is a critical factor that impacts learning while on placement (Andrew and Roberts 2003).   Thus, the relationship and the negotiation of learning styles of the student and educator is crucial to the success of the placement. Enhanced Learning In line with the current research, the results show that experiencing a co-supervision model of placement may improve clinical ability in the workplace (DeClute and Ladyshewsky 1993), as it offers the student a real-life experience of managing fast working environments and different working styles.   In addition to this learning, the student experiences problem solving and treatment styles, which increases their learning opportunities (NHS 2007).   The co-supervision model offers the student potential to enhance learning, and can be used throughout diverse clinical settings (Baldry, Currens and Bithell 2003).   Participants stated that the co-supervision model can add value to placement when having two educators as it can provide the student with double the support and increased confidence.   Practice educators acknowledged that it is of benefit to the student to learn from other Occupational Therapists and team members while on placement (Rodger 2011).   Turner (2001) adds to this acknowledgement by stating that more than one assessors can also be beneficial for the staff and for the student as if offers more attentive and productive educators when they are not overburden and over-worked. Future Recommendations for implementation of the model The results of the study show that more formal training of the use of the co-supervision model of placement could benefit both the supervisor and the student.   This result is reflected in other research, which purports that less than half health care professionals are conà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ dent in their supervisory skills and would have more confidence in facilitating supervision if more resources were put into formal training (McMahon 2014).   On-going training and support for practice educators is essential for ensuring higher standards of supervision for health care students (Plenty and Gower 2013). Participants stated that acknowledging the experience of other students who went on placement before them may be helpful as it may provide them with a knowledge base of what to expect before going on placement.   Previous research highlights that preceding students in health care disciplines represent a positive role model for the students in clinical training (Dale et al. 2013).   Hearing other students experiences of their clinical practice provide greater understanding for the prospective student going out on placement (Shariff 2005). Conclusion The findings from this descriptive qualitative study are generally consistent with previous work in co-supervision models.   The results of the current study informed best practice; this was carried out by focusing on three recommendations from the results.   Best practice of the co-supervision model of placement can include a welcoming environment for the student to work in.   Preparation on the part of the educator and the student is essential in creating a working environment that is free from anxiety.   Communication is a key component is facilitating the co-supervision model of practice placement.   Formal training of educators is important for establishing higher standards of supervision for students. The result show challenging factors of co-supervision to be the students difficulty with adapting to different learning styles, multiple practice educators, settings and client groups.   Whereas, the benefits of a co-supervision placement highlight the preparation for real-life situations, managing fast paced work environments and increased learning opportunities. Limitations The findings of this study are limited because the respondents were self-identifiedand not randomly selected. Snowball sampling does not allow for random selection. Implications for Occupational Therapy Education This data provides valuable information for the Occupational Therapy profession, notably clinical education placements, regarding needs and resources to adopt collaborative relationships between the student and the educator in fieldwork education.

Brand Perception And Customer Buying Behaviour

Brand Perception And Customer Buying Behaviour In this chapter, concepts, theories and relevant models about branding, brand perception and customer buying behaviour will be discussed in detail. An individual who buys products for personal use and not for manufacture or resale is said to be a consumer. A consumer is someone who can make the decision whether or not to purchase an item at the store, which can be influenced by marketing and advertisements. Each and every consumer is influenced by their own brand perception and buying decisions which depends on various number of factors. 2.2 Branding Brand is the image that consumers have in mind (Aaker, 1991). It is also the unique characteristics that have been developed all the time in order to differentiate actual products from the competitors (Murphy, 1990). In addition, The American Association defines a brand as a name, term, sign, symbol or design, or a combination of them intended to identify the goods or services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competitors. A brand is thus a product or service that adds dimensions that differentiate it in some way from other products or services designed to satisfy the same need. These differences may be functional, rational, or emotional or intangible related to what the brand represents. Brand concepts must address customer interests and lifestyles. Factors that affect its brand image and brand perception among marketing communication program that implementing to the public to create brand perception, brand characteristic, brand image and bran d equity. De Chernatony and McDonald (1992) define a brand as an identifiable product, service, person or place, augmented in such a way that the buyer or user perceives relevant, unique added values which match their needs most closely. There have been two basic values identified by de Chernatony (1999) that contribute towards the brand premium. One is the functional value such as the price, technology, design and store layout. This functional value is a distinct attribute that a customer adds to the brand and distinguishes the brand from the rest. The second form of added value comes from emotional value. This value is derived from notions like advertising, internal branding, translating the retail brand into consumer taste, and even the shopping experience itself at the retail outlet. 2.3 Brand Perception Perception is how we see ourselves and the world we live in. However, what ends up being stored inside us doesnt always get there in a direct manner. Often our mental makeup results from information that has been consciously or subconsciously filtered as we experience it, a process we refer to as a perceptual filter. To us this is our reality, though it does not mean it is an accurate reflection on what is real. Thus, perception is the way we filter stimuli (e.g., someone talking to us, reading a newspaper story) and then make sense out of it. Perception has several steps. Exposure sensing a stimuli (e.g. seeing an ad) Attention an effort to recognize the nature of a stimuli (e.g. recognizing it is an ad) Awareness assigning meaning to a stimuli (e.g., humorous ad for particular product) Retention adding the meaning to ones internal makeup (i.e., product has fun ads) Brand perception is consumers ability to identify the brand under different conditions, as reflected by their brand recognition or recall performance (Kotler Lane, 2006). Brand recall refers to consumers ability to retrieve the brand from the memory (Keller, 1993). According to the improvement of measurement for brand equity, consumer-based brand equity was described for four dimensions; brand awareness, brand association, perceived quality, and brand loyalty (Pappu, et al, 2005). Brand awareness was defined as the consumers ability to identify or recognize the brand (Rossiter and Percy, 1987). It refers to the strength of a brand presence in consumers minds. Brand awareness has several levels starting from the less recognition of the brand to dominance (Aaker, 1991). Perceived quality was evaluated and decided by consumers. Perceived quality is another valuation of brand to push the customer to buy products. Brand building has been around for centuries as a means to distinguish the goods of one producer from those of another. The earliest signs of branding in Europe were the medieval guilds requirement that craftspeople put trademarks on their products to protect themselves and consumers against inferior quality. In the fine arts, branding began with artists signing their works. Brands today play a number of important roles that improve consumers lives and enhance the financial value of firms (Kotler Lane, 2006). Brand awareness and brand perceived quality as the significant factors to create and maintain brand equity. There are positive relationship among brand awareness, perceive quality and brand equity (Aker, 1996, Buzzell Gate, 1987). The marketing program has effect to improve the perceive quality of brand for different customers. Brand perception is consumers ability to identify the brand under different conditions, as reflected by their brand recognition or recall performance (Kotler Lane, 2006). Brand recall refers to consumers ability to retrieve the brand from the memory (Keller, 1993). According to the improvement of measurement for brand equity, consumer-based brand equity was described for four dimensions; brand awareness, brand association, perceived quality, and brand loyalty (Pappu, et al, 2005). Brand awareness was defined as the consumers ability to identify or recognize the brand (Rossiter and Percy, 1987). It refers to the strength of a brand presence in consumers minds. Brand awareness has several levels starting from the less recognition of the brand to dominance (Aaker, 1991). Perceived quality was evaluated and decided by consumers. Perceived quality is another valuation of brand to push the customer to buy products. Brand building has been around for centuries as a means to distinguish the goods of one producer from those of another. The earliest signs of branding in Europe were the medieval guilds requirement that craftspeople put trademarks on their products to protect themselves and consumers against inferior quality. In the fine arts, branding began with artists signing their works. Brands today play a number of important roles that improve consumers lives and enhance the financial value of firms (Kotler Lane, 2006). Brand awareness and brand perceived quality as the significant factors to create and maintain brand equity. There are positive relationship among brand awareness, perceive quality and brand equity (Aker, 1996, Buzzell Gate,1987). The marketing program has effect to improve the perceive quality of brand for different customers. 2.4 Brand Equity Source: Aaker, 1991 Brand equity is the added value endowed to products and services. Aaker (1991) defined the brand equity as a set of brand assts and liabilities linked to brand that adds or detracts the product or service value based on the customers perspectives. This value may be reflected in how consumers think, feel and act with respect to the brand that consumers had perceive from marketing programs. Brand equity is an important intangible asset that has psychological and financial value to the firm. The value of brand equity depends on the number of same people who buy regularly (Aaker, 1996). The brand loyalty, brand awareness, and brand perceived quality are necessary to maintain the brand equity (Motameni Shahrokhi, 1998). There are two different perspectives of brand equity; financial and customer based. The first perspective evaluates the asset value of a brand name that creates to the business (Farquhar et al, 1991). Brand equity increased the discounted future cash flows and revenue com paring to the same product did not have the brand name (Motameni Shahrkhi, 1998). According to the second perspective, the premise of customer-based brand equity models is that the power of brand lies in what customers have responded, seen, read, heard, learned, thought and felt about the brand over time. In other words, the power of brand lies in the minds of existing or potential customers and what they have experienced directly and indirectly about the brand. The customer-based brand equity finally drives the financial return to the company (Lassar et al, 1995). The valuation of brand has been studied for different approaches, for example, marketing, premium pricing market value, customer factors, replacement cost perspective. According to the valuation based on consumer factors, the measurement of customers preference and attitude can be used to evaluate the brand equity (Aaker, 1991 and Kapferer, 1992). 2.5 Marketing Communication The marketing communication is considered as the strategic activities for brand managers to build and maintain the brand image of targeted customers (Duncan Mulhern, 2004). It is a significant driver of competitive advantage to create the ability of companies to attract, retain, and leverage customers (Kitchen, Joanne, Tao, 2004). Duncan (2002) explained that marketing communication is a process for managing the customer relationship that affects brand value lastly. Marketing communication programs are not only above the line activities such as advertising and sales promotions but also below the line activities such as public relations. Regarding recent concept of marketing communication, two-way communication as well as one way communication is a key determinant of brand strategies to stimulus the brand orientation process (Aaker, 1996 and Urde, 1994). 2.6 Consumer Behaviour Schiffinan and Kanuk (2004) define Consumer Behaviour as the behaviour that customers display in searching for, purchasing, using, evaluating and disposing of products and services that they expect will satisfy their needs. Consumer buying behaviour incorporates the acts of individuals directly involved in obtaining, using and disposing of economic goods and services including the decision process that precede and determine these acts (Huctings 1995). Lamb, Hair and McDartiel (1992) note that consumer behaviour is a study of the processes the consumer uses to make purchase decisions as well as the use and disposal of the purchased goods and services. It also includes the analysis of factors that influences purchase decisions and goods usage. Further more consumer behaviour is a process and purchase is only one step in that process. Santon,Etzel and Walker (1994) states that consumers are complex in nature and keep changing constantly. So it is a must for the marketers to constantly improve their understanding of consumers and understand what influences the needs of the consumers. In short, the understanding of the buying behavior of existing and potential customers is imperative for marketers (Lancaster 1998). It is also needed for the competitive survival. When the consumer is viewed in the proper perspective, the outcomes could be quite positive for the manufacturer. Lamb,Hair and McDaniel (1992),claim that the knowledge of consumer behavior reduces uncertainty when creating the marketing mix. The field of customer behavior covers a lot of ground: It is the study of the processes involved when individuals or groups select, purchase, use, or dispose of products, services, ideas, or experiences to satisfy needs and desires (Michael, 2003). Earlier, the field was referred to as buyer behavior, which emphasized o n interaction between consumers and producers at the time of purchase. Now marketers feel that consumer behavior is not merely a consumer handing over money in return for a service or good, but it is an ongoing process. The exchange of a transaction in which two or more organizations or people give and receive something of value is an integral part of marketing. 2.7 Consumer Decision Making Mahatoo (1985) defines Consumer Behavior decision making process consisting of a number of steps that begin before the purchase and reaches beyond the buying act. He suggests that marketers have to go beyond the various influences on buyers and develop an understanding of how consumers actually make their buying decisions .The ability to create a good service and to persuade the market to buy this offering instead of its competitors offering depends upon the insight into the consumer purchase decision on the understanding of how the target customers arrive at their purchase decisions. Price is one of the dominating factors when it comes to making a purchase decision. It generally plays a vital role in determining consumers brand choice while selecting a product. Consumers look into the price while taking a buying decision and check whether it is within their affordable limits. This helps them to maximize their immediate utility that they gain from the purchase. The consumers give relative importance to both price and quality, so while choosing a brand they make a choice consistent with the relative importance attached to both attributes (Nor Khasimah Alimana and Md Nor Othman, 2007). It is also known that consumers look upon the additional services and freebies which come along with the product rather than looking on the price factor. Customers were believed to put different weights on every factor when it comes to the evaluation process. Analysis shows that customers who had experienced bad customer service tend to consider more thoroughly all aspects of the serv ice when it comes to choice of product (Tor W. Andreassen and Line L. Olsen, 2008). According to Kotler (2003), there are five roles people play during a purchase. They are Initiator: It is the person who gives the idea of buying the product or service. Influencer: It is the person who reviews or influences the decision. Decider: It is the person who makes the buying decision: what to buy, how to buy, when to buy and where to buy. Buyer: It is the person who actually makes the purchase. User: It is the person who consumes or uses the product or service. 2.8 Buying Behavior Buying behavior is a process in which consumers decide and act accordingly to buy certain products for their use. There are certain aspects which we need to understand. Why do consumers buy what they buy? What are the key factors for influencing consumers to buy the products? What are the changing trends in the society? Consumer buying behavior refers to what consumers buy at a certain point of time which involves their decision making. So it is important for any firm to keenly analyze on consumer buying behaviors as it has a great impact on the firms marketing strategy. It also plays a key role in the success of the firm. It is important for any firm to create a marketing mix that satisfies the customers. 2.9 Types of Consumer Buying Behavior There are few types of buying behaviors based on the type of products which needs to be purchased. Complex buying behavior is where an individual seeks lot of information about a high value branded product before purchasing it. Habitual buying behavior is where the individual buys the product out of habit. Variety seeking buying behavior is where the individual likes to shop around and experiment different products. Consumer buying behavior is determined by level of involvement in the purchase decision (Renjith, June 2004). According to Mahatoo (1985), the nature of the decision process varies depending upon the product and the consumer. The marketers need to determine the kind of decision making behavior that is involved with the particular product in order to understand the behavior of the consumer. Howard (1989) classifies consumer buying decision into three broad categories: Routine Response Programmed Behavior- A consumer generally uses a routine response behavior while frequently buying the low cost goods or services. These goods and services can be called low involvement products as the consumer spends little time on decision making and purchases easily. The consumer is familiar with different brands in this product category, but usually sticks on to one brand. The consumer usually skips many steps in the decision process as he buys the product out of habit. Limited Decision Making Buying product occasionally. When you need to obtain information about an unfamiliar brand in a product category. Requires a moderate amount of time for information gathering as it is compared with various brands. Acquiring information about an unfamiliar product category is called as limited decision making. Examples: books, clothes and cosmetics. Extensive Decision Making Consumers usually spend much time on extensive decision making with high involvement when they purchase an unfamiliar expensive product. This is the most complex type of consumer decision making as the consumers need a great deal of information to compare it with its alternate brands. Examples: cars, computers. Complex buying behavior involves three steps: The consumer develops belief about the product. The consumer develops attitude about the product. The consumer makes a thoughtful choice. Consumers usually engage in complex buying behavior when they are highly involved in a purchase, which usually happens when the product is expensive, risky, and highly self expressive. Many products do not carry features unless the buyer does some research. The marketer of a high involvement product must understand consumers information- gathering and evaluation process. According to this the marketer needs to develop strategies which will assess the buyer in learning about the products attributes and their importance. The marketer also needs to differentiate the brand features, motivate store keepers, and use proper print media to describe the brand and the buyers interaction to influence the brand choice. Dissonance-Reducing buyer behaviour According to Herbert (1965), the consumer sometimes gets highly involved in a purchase but see little differences in brands. The high involvement is due to the fact that the purchase is expensive, infrequent and risky. For this type of purchase the consumer will shop around to learn more about the product but purchase it quickly responding to the primary factors like price or convenience. After the purchase, the consumer might experience dissonance by hearing favourable things about other brands or noticing certain disquieting features. Now the consumer will alert the informants who support his or her decisions. For example, here, the consumer acted first then acquired new beliefs and ended up with a set of attitudes. Marketing communication should supply beliefs and evaluations that help the customer feel good about the brand of his choice. Variety-Seeking Buying Behaviour Henry (1987) states that some buying situations are characterised by low involvement but significant brand differences. Usually consumers do lot of brand switching. Take for example, cookies. The consumer has some knowledge about cookies, chooses them without much evaluation and evaluates the product during consumption. But next time the consumer may reach for another brand according to his taste. Brand switching occurs for the sake of variety rather than dissatisfaction. 3.10 Buying Decision Process The consumers engage in a decision process to deal with the marketing environment and make purchases. The consumer goes through a series of logical stages to arrive at the decision when he faces a problem which could be resolved through a purchase. A typical buying process consists of five stages. (Micheal and Elnora, 2000). 2.10.1 Problem Recognition The purchase process starts where the buyer recognises a problem or need. The need maybe triggered by internal or external stimuli. Marketers need to identify the circumstances that trigger a particular need (Micheal, 2003). People have unsatisfied needs and wants that create tension or discomfort, which can be satisfied by acquiring and consuming goods and services. Hence, the process of deciding what to buy begins when there is a need and it can be satisfied through consumption. Mahatoo (1985), states that when the consumer becomes aware of a discrepancy between the existing state and a desired state, a need is aroused. The existing state is the total situation of a consumer, the current needs, attitudes, motives. The desired state is the situation after the kinds of changes the consumer wishes. Both these states are the functions of consumers motivation, personality and past experience of cultural and social influences. Evans and Burman (1984), defines a stimulus as a cure intended to motivate a person to act. It can be social, commercial or non commercial. Need recognition shows a persons readiness to act by becoming aware of a need but does not guarantee that the decision making process will continue. Kotler (2003), suggests that by gathering information from a number of consumers marketers can identify the most frequent stimuli that triggers an interest in a product category, thereby developing marketing strategies that would create a spark in consumers interest. 2.10.2 Information Search When a consumer needs to gain knowledge about a product or service, he or she would be aroused to search for more information in the product category. Consumer information sources fall under four groups: Personal sources: Family, friends, neighbours Commercial sources: Advertising, sales person, dealers, display boards Public sources: Mass media, consumer-rating organizations Experimental sources: Handling, examining, using the product. The relative amount and influences of these information sources vary with product category and consumer characteristics (Peter, Daniel and Nancy, 1986). Customer decisions are based on a combination of past experiences and marketing information. Past experience is considered as an internal source of information. Greater the past experience, lesser the external information the consumer is likely to seek to make a decision. Baker (2000), states that if there is a sufficiently high level of involvement with the problem, the consumers are likely to engage in a complex and extensive information search. If the involvement level is low, they are likely to use a very simple information search. Kotler (2003), states that by gathering information the consumer learns about competing brands and their features. There will be lot of brands available to the consumer in a product category, in which only a few brands the consumer would be aware of (awareness set). Among these brands, few brands will meet consumers initial buying criteria (consideration set). As the consumer gathers more information only a few brands would remain (choice set). All the brands in the choice set might be acceptable. 2.10.3 Evaluation of Alternatives There is no single evaluation process used by all customers or by one customer in all buying situations. The consumers view each product as a bundle of attributes with varying abilities of delivering the benefits needed to satisfy them. The attributes of interest to buyers vary by product. Consumers will pay most attention to attributes that deliver benefits (Mary, James and John, 1997). Once a choice set has been identified, the consumer evaluates them before making a decision. The evaluation involves establishing some criteria against which each alternative is compared. The criteria that consumers use in the evaluation results from their past experience and feelings towards various brands as well as the opinions of family, friends, etc. (Stanton, Etzel and Walker, 1994). The product related attributes such as quality, durability, price, design, etc. Influence the buying decision of a consumer. A way to narrow down the products in the choice set is to pick an attribute and then excl ude all products in the set that does not possess that attribute (Lamb and McDaniel, 1992). Thus the choice which possesses all the required product related attributes can be selected. 2.10.4 Purchase Decision From the evaluation process discussed about, consumer will reach their final purchase decision which is made up of five purchase sub decisions: Brand decision, Vendor decision, Quantity decision, Timing decision and Payment method decision (Joseph and Howard, 1987). After evaluation, the first thing in mind would be to purchase the product or not. If the decision is to buy, a series of related decisions must be made regarding the features, where and when to make the actual transaction, how to take delivery, a mode of payment and other issues. So a decision to purchase starts an entirely new series of decisions that may be time consuming and difficult. Selecting a source from which a purchase can be made is also a buying decision (Stanton, Etzel and Walker, 1994). A consumers decision to modify, postpone or avoid a purchase decision is heavily influenced by risk. The amount of risk varies with the extent of money at stake, the amount of attribute uncertainty and amount of self confide nce. Marketers must understand the factors that create a feeling of risk in the consumer, thereby providing information and support to reduce the risk (Kotler, 2003). 2.10.5 Post Purchase Behaviour Every customer after buying a product will experience either satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Hence the marketers job does not end when the product is bought; it must be monitored for post purchase satisfaction and post purchase actions. A very important stage of the consumers decision is the impact of current decisions on the future purchasing behaviour. Mahatoo (1985) says that three general outcomes are possible. They are: 2.10.5.1 Satisfaction Satisfaction occurs when a product performs according to expectations. The brand chosen has served to fulfil the customers needs and thus reinforces the response of purchasing the brand, which also means that beliefs and attributes about the brand are positively influenced and the likelihood of repurchase is increased. 2.10.5.2 Dissatisfaction Dissatisfaction occurs in the reverse situation, when the products performance is not up to the expectation it leads to negative belief and attributes about the brand. A dissatisfied customer is not likely to recommend the product to others. The results of satisfaction and dissatisfaction are recorded in long term memory and become inputs to the internal search of the firm. So the marketers must be careful in satisfying the needs and expectations of the customers. 2.10.5.3 Cognitive Dissonance: Cognitive dissonance occurs when the consumer experiences a feeling of doubt or psychological discomfort about the choice made. It is often felt right after the purchase when the consumer begins to have second thoughts about the product chosen. Dissonance is more likely to occur in complex decision making with high involvement purchases. Dissonance can come from a personal source from advertisement or from experience with the product. Post purchase evaluation is important to marketers because positive evaluation increases the probability of repeat purchases and brand loyalty. Negative or doubtful thoughts increase the probability that different alternatives will be considered next time when the need arises (Husted, Varble and Lowry, 1989). 2.11 Factors influencing the behaviour of buyers http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~market/380dir/cbinfluence.jpg Source: (http://blog.oneshotmarketing.com/2010/08/consumer-buying-behavior-the-laws-of-attraction/ accessed on 20/10/10 at 9.15pm) Consumer behaviour is affected by many uncontrollable factors. Culture is one of the factors that influence behaviour. Culture can be defined as our attitudes and beliefs. It is developed along with age in the society. For an individual growing up, a child is influenced by their parents, brothers and sisters. They learn about their religion and culture which helps them to develop opinions, attitudes and beliefs (Richard, 1976). These factors will influence a buying behaviour of the consumer, other factors like friends or people they look up may also influence their choices of purchasing a particular product. Culture is the most basic cause of a persons wants and behaviour. Culture is learned from family, church, school, peers, colleagues. It reflects basic values, perceptions, wants, and behaviours. Cultural shifts create opportunities for new products or may otherwise influence consumer behaviour. Peoples social status plays an important role in the consumer buying behaviour. Social class distinctions allow companies to position their products to appeal to certain social classes. The easiest example is automobiles. Marketing for Mercedes Benz is completely different from the marketing campaign from Honda or Toyota because they target individuals from the upper class. Another powerful and easy factor that companies manipulate in their marketing efforts is the social factor. To be part of a group, or represent a certain lifestyle, you must have certain possessions. Personal and Psychological factors are very specific realms and the target market segment becomes even smaller. That means even less amount of people can use these products. This reflects in higher prices to account for the decrease in volume 2.12 Models of Consumer Behaviour The various models of consumer behaviour as per (Ramasamy and Namakumari, 1990) are stated as follows 2.12.1 The Economic Model According to the economic model of buyer behaviour, the buyer is a rational man and his buying decisions are totally governed by the concept of utility. If the customer has certain amount of purchasing power, a set of needs to be met and a set of products in a very rational manner with the intentions of maximising the utility or benefits. 2.12.2 The Learning Model According to the learning model, buying behaviour can be influenced by manipulating the drivers, stimuli and responses of the buyers. The model rests on mans ability at learning, forgetting and discriminating. 2.12.3 The Psychoanalytical Model According to this model the individual consumer has a complex set of deep stated motives that drive him towards certain buying decisions. The buyer has a private world with all his hidden fears, suppressed desires and totally subjective longings. His buying action can be influenced by appealing to these desires and longings. 2.12.4 The Sociological Model According to the sociological model, the individual buyer is influenced by society, by inmate groups as well as social classes. His buying decisions are not totally governed by utility, he has a desire to emulate, follow, and fit in with his immediate environment. Several of his buying decisions may be governed by societal compulsions. 2.12.5 The Nicosia Model Efforts have been made by marketing scholars to build buyer behaviour models from the marketing mans point of view. The Nicosia model and the Howard and Sheth model are two important models. Both of them belong to the category called the systems model where the human being is analysed as the system with stimuli as the input to the system and behaviour as the output of the system. The Nicosia model tries to establish the link between a firm and its customers, how the activities of the firm influences the consumer and results in the buying decision. The information from the firm influences the consumer towards the product, thereby he develops a certain attitude towards the product causing him to search or

State of Play by David Edgar Essay -- masculinity, power, gay men

David Edgar, in his book State of Play: Playwrights on Playwriting (1999) highlights the fact that in the mid 90’s there seemed to be an â€Å"over-arching theme† (edgar, 1999, p27) in contemporary British play that looked at ideas of masculinity. â€Å"Gay plays like Jonathan Harvey’s Beautiful Thing†¦ lad’s plays like Jez Butterworths Mojo†¦ [and] girls-in-a-boys’ gang plays like Irving Welsh’s Trainspotting†¦ address masculinity and its discontents’ (ibid, p.27). In this essay I will look at what ideas of masculinity are, and how these discontents have been addressed in contemporary theatre (and the idea of the â€Å"decline of the dominant role of men†(edgar, 1999, p.28)) and how the crisis of masculinity(ref) has been staged. I will do this by looking at performances from Ron Athey, Franko B, and Gregory Burkes’ Black Watch. Firstly however, I will look at a definition of what masculinity is, in order to discuss what representations of this idea are being performed in the selected pieces of work. Perhaps one of the main reasons as to why there is thought to be a ‘crisis’ of masculinity, is because the term itself is so hard to define, in a sociological sense. Jack Kahn in his book ‘An Introduction to Masculinities’ states that â€Å"masculinity is a hypothetical construct because, in and of itself, it cannot be directly observed and measured† (2009, p.3). This is because â€Å"masculinities and male behavious are not the simple product of genetic codings or biological predispositions† (Whitehead and Barrett, 2001, p.16), it is instead a conceptual idea that is used to explain a collection of behaviors, attitudes, thoughts and emotions that make up a specific identity. masculinity is not just one idea, nor is it specifically a male thing, it is an inte... ...h it had some recognisable substantive basis† (Whitehead and Barrett, 2001, p.53) Works Cited Brittan, A. 1989. Masculinity and power. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell. Burke, G. 2007. Black Watch. London: Faber and Faber. Edgar, D. 1999. State of play. London: Faber and Faber. Kahn, J. S. 2009. An introduction to masculinities. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell. Petersen, A. R. 1998. Unmasking the masculine. London: Sage Publications. Phelan, P. 1993. Unmarked. London: Routledge. Reeser, T. W. 2010. Masculinities in theory. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. Richards, M. 2003. Ron Athey, AIDS and the politics of pain. Body, Space and Technology, 3 (2). Sierz, A. 2011. Rewriting the nation. London: Methuen Drama. Walsh, F. 2010. Male trouble. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Whitehead, S. and Barrett, F. J. 2001. The masculinities reader. Cambridge, UK: Polity.

French Influence of Sir Gawain and The Green Knight :: Sir Gawain Green Knight Essays

French Influence of Sir Gawain and The Green Knight      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sir Gawain and the Green Knight utilizes the convention of the French-influenced romance. What sets this work apart from regular Arthurian or chivalric romances is the poet's departure from this convention.   The clearest departure takes place at the resolution of the piece as the hero, Sir Gawain, is stricken with shame and remorse rather than modest knightly pride, even after facing what appears to be certain death and returning to his king alive and well.   Although this manner of closure would leave much to be desired for an audience who is interested in reading a ridigly conventional romance, the coexistence of the romantic convention with the departure from it inspires questions concerning why the author would choose to work within such guidelines and what the significance is of breaching those guidelines.   By employing the chivalric convention in romantic literature and then going beyond it to reveal other ways of thinking, the writer challenges the very notion of chivalric conventions of the surrounding social climate.   He demonstrates throughout the work a need for balance.   As symbolied by the pentangle worn by Sir Gawain, representing the balanced points of chivalric virture, each being codependent of the other in order to remain a whole, the narrative could be considered as a      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What accompanies an appreciation for the seemingly sudden shift from the typical romance at the end of the piece is the raised awareness that the change does only seem to be sudden.   Careful exlporation of the plot, setting, and character descriptions illuminates several deviations from the established convention of the ideal society existing within the text.   The effect is then a type of balancing act-- blah blah blah      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The opening of the piece sets a fairly typical stage for an Anthurian romance, giving relevant historical and geographical information. King Arthur's court is going on as it is expected to be within the social constructs, merrily feasting and celebrating the Christmas holiday.   The entrance of the Green Knight into Arthur's court marks a significant event. He is a courtly figure from their recognizable world.   He appears as a knight ought to appear: tall, handsome, and fashionably dressed; however, the Green Knight's adherence to the conventions of the court is offset by

The Traditional Medicine of China :: China Chinese Culture Medicine Health Essays

The Traditional Medicine of China Traditional medicine of China has a long historical and cultural background dating back about 2500 years. The ancient Chinese people were able to reach a level of social stability that included the ability to treat disease of emotional, physical, and spiritual origins. Although a belief in spirits as the cause of disease has remained in China even to the present day, the view that the body obeyed a natural order struck a chord in the intellectual elite of ancient China. It was this elite class that refined and developed these ideas over many centuries.(1) The ideas that the ancient Chinese had about the organs of the body, and their functions, as well as the causes and development of disease, show large differences when compared with Western medicine.(2) The Chinese do not think of theory, as we do in the West, as needing to be proven to reach the highest degree of truth. A Chinese doctor can look at the kidney as a machine and think of it as a reflection of universe.(2) He can apply two different disease classification systems, cold damage or warm damage where he feels it is appropriate, without being deterred by contradictions between the two.(3) One (Western) method of gaining knowledge is analysis. It is the method of breaking things into component parts to understand the whole. This method has been applied in China, but not to the same level as in the West. Analysis is one of the important features of all western modern science and technology. In fact, the analytical approach is the basis of western medicine, and it is part of the Western mindset.(4) Analysis is not as important to Chinese medicine as in the West. The ancient Chinese did use analysis in their investigation of the human body, but to a lesser degree. Analysis provided some important insights into the workings of the human body. The ancient Chinese knew, for example, that the stomach and intestines were organs of digestion, and that the lung drew air from the environment.(5) The origins of China's medical knowledge is not certain. They observed phenomenon, and identified relationships and patterns. They compared whole phenomena in the body, and watched how they related to each other.(6) This is shown by "qi,'' an entity that Westerners find hard to conceptualize, since it does not fit any known scientific category.(7) Qi is thought to be the universal energy that runs everything, right down to the

Consider the Significance of the Extract (Lines 816-844) and Discuss its Relevance to the Tale as a Whole

The significance of this extract is extremely dimensional as the narrator once again provides the reader with additional examples of January's mindset and lifestyle and also continues to foreshadow the remainder of the tale. The immense sexual imagery present during this extract reinforces January's marriage intentions, foreshadows the future and also includes a flair of comedy. The garden January built has been constructed especially to avoid any prying eyes and to achieve the utmost privacy as the garden is ‘walled al with stone.' The impounding enclosure of the walls signifies and reinforces his sexual prowess and desire to ‘menace (L.540)' May which can also be construed to consider January's tendency for sexual violence. The introduction of Priapus, God of Gardens yet also personification of the erect phallus is ironic and is a comedic devise used to signify the importance of the garden as neither could ‘telle the beautee of the gardyn and the welle.' The significance of the key and gate represent January and May respectively as the key to the garden, carried only by January signifies his desire to keep May to himself, allowing no one else to have access to her as she represents the ‘smale wiket' which January was able to unlock when he wished. Keys and keyholes are bold significant metaphors for sex, which proves explicit later on in the tale. The sexual imagery and implications applied during this extract pose a major significance to some of the tale's implied themes of January's age, his intentions for marriage and of the forthcoming deception he will encounter. The mythical gods which are introduced in this extract enables the reader to comprehend the sheer significance of the garden and reinforce the beauty. In particular, Proserpina and Pluto are especially significant later in the tale and their initial connection with the Garden at this position in the tale allows the reader to understand their domestic debate later featured which constitutes to the outcome of the entire tale. Arguably, one of the most predominant significance of this extract is the comparisons of January's private garden with the Garden of Eden. References have been made beforehand, likening the relationship and characters of January and May to Adam and Eve. The main difference between the two couples is Adam and Eve had sex after Eden whereas for January, his Garden has been built purely to satisfy his sexual desires. This extract can also be compared to the wedding feast, where January appears the more dominant of the couple as he eagerly awaits his guests to leave in order to sleep with May. However, this extract proves significant in the power exchange, as here, the initiative rests with May as the reader learns that January's joy will be short lived ‘worldly joy may nat alwey dure.' The extract possess many ‘Courtly Love' references the obvious one being the reference to the ‘Romance of the Rose' a French courtly love poem where the woman is represented as a rosebud in a beautiful garden. Also through the description of the garden the and the ‘welle, that stood under a laurer alwey grene' ‘Courtly Love' is explored and remains a highly comical literature devise throughout the tale. January and May's incompatibility is significantly challenged during this extract which bears an enormous relevance to the tale. The beautiful garden represents spring, which is astronomically associated with the month of May and also the character; therefore ‘he [January] wolde paye his wyf hir dette in somer seson' significantly reinforces their incompatibility and makes way for the adultery. The extract, in relevance to the tale as a whole, provides an insight as to what will happen later on in the tale. Various sexual images and references including ‘thinges whiche were nat doon abedde he in the gardyn parfourned hem' allows the reader to identify and relate this extract to the adulterous actions which later happen. The frequent references to mythical people and Gods are also present within this extract, however, these actually bear a direct significance to the tales scheme.

Life and work in Merthyr Tydfil in the nineteenth century

The sum up of industry in Merthyr was the main(prenominal) resolve for the huge increase in universe of discourse all over a atomic number 6 old age from 1750 to 1851. The population was imaged at four hundred good deal for the yr 1750,this was bonny an account so we do not make love how reliable this is as it is just an estimate and was not an official system. However by 1801 the first census was introduced and this produced an official examine for the population in Merthyr at the while, which was sevensome thousand people. This shows a massive increase in population in just over fifty eld. The population move to climb up until 1851 where it r each(prenominal)ed forty hexad thousand people. ancestor A1The population of Merthyr TydfiltwelvemonthPopulation175040018017,000183130,000185146,000The atomic number 18a of Merthyr was ideally situated for an iron plant, as the mountains to a higher place were inexhaustible pedigrees of Iron ore, char, limestone, fire stone and fire clay. at that place were several iron works in Merthyr at the time but the ones of Mr.Crawshays were the grandest and largest. The workers requital averaged 3 a month. This covered Men, Women and Children. The utmost wage of the workers was nine Guineas, which was 9.45 per month. However this compared to Crawshay was postal code as he was earning a bumper 36,000 per annum.These facts and figures issue forth from witness A2 from the re descent booklet. Rev. George Capper produced the address in a journal of a trip of Wales. This therefore makes the root a actually reliable piece of evidence as Reverend George wrote it, who would guide been a authentic and respected member of society. Also he would have had no reason to gather in a biased view on the subject. The source is very useful to a historian perusal the works in Merthyr as it gives information regarding the size of the works and wage structures of the factory.Transport played a major part in the branch of Merthyr as an industrial town. In 1790 plans were swan forward to construct a canal, which would go from Merthyr to Cardiff.It cost 103,600 and took four years to build. On its completion in February 1794 the canal mensural 241/2 miles. The canal allowed raw materials to be transported at a much double-quick rate than previously, it could also transport a larger amount of goods at a time, compared to the old method of a knight and cart. Source A5(ii) shows how in ten years the use of the canal went from 83,729 tons of sear a year to 211,214 tons of coal a year.The levels of discontent in Merthyr fathered to rise at the start of the nineteenth century. on that orient were many factors that contributed to this one of them was motortruck tokens that were issued to workers as payment. This caused discontent because the tokens could only be fatigued in the shops, which were owned by the truck companies. The goods were highly priced and poor in quality, this along with a number of other issues including the tell apart of the government at the time lastly led to the start of the revolutions in Merthyr at the start of the nineteenth century.Source B2 explains how the riot in Merthyr had reached such a point that it would be impossible to stop without the help of the military. It also explains what the rioters were doing during the riot, how they had demolished truck shops, the main one being the Morgan Lewis shop. It goes on to distinguish that he thought there were in excess of two thousand people doing all the mischief they can. G.Lyndon produced the source in a garner to Samuel Homfray on the 20-second September 1800. It would have been reliable because the letter was shoot downn from the time of the riot, also source B3 is shows a word-painting of troops arriving in Merthyr which backs up what is said in the letter. The painting is a coetaneous painting by Penry Williams.Even though it is a contemporary painting it may not be an entirel y reliable source as the artist may have magnified the scene, it would have been much reliable if it had been a photo instead of a painting. This would run the usefulness of the source to an historian studying the events in Merthyr. The usefulness of the letter is that it would have been able to tell historians exactly what was waiver on in Merthyr at the time and how serious the riots actually were.At the start of the nineteenth radical ideas started to become more popular in Merthyr. They believed that wide surmount reforms were needed in Merthyr at the time. These views are put across in source B4, which is part of an anonymous paper, found draw close Penydarren on 27th January 1817. It talks most the misery of the people of Merthyr and how if changes are not made soon the workers will take the law into their own hands.Source A1 shows the ingathering in population in Merthyr over a hundred years from 1750 to 1831. Source C1 shows the census of 1851 in detail. The dependa bility of this source is put into question as it says that the center population in Merthyr in the year 1851 is six thousand, five hundred and xx eight. If this is compared to source A1, where it states that the population in Merthyr was actually thirty thousand people. Therefore there is a difference of nearly twenty five thousand between each source. This also casts doubt over the reliability of source A1, however in my credence source I believe that source A1 would be more reliable than source C1 because source A1 supports the fact that Merthyr was booming due(p) to the increasing size of the ironworks at the time.

Bruno Bettleheim’s “The Use of Enchantment”

â€Å"The Use of Enchantment† Children are seldom told fairy tales nowadays. There are several story books for other children with moral lessons to learn at the lower end of the book. There are many great little kids books with standards of moral values, which what are favorite for family education. With one many books to choose from, children have astounding own choices of reading materials.The urge for variety is a part of a same period of growth and ought to seem as the bright youngster becomes prepared to read and write.Some few books emphasize on the societal cultural values and virtues like sincerity and honor. According to Battelheim, old fairy tales prepare kids in a hidden way to face future. Even though the childrens subconcious does not desire to be interrogated, their conscious minds are willing to fair share what they learned from several fairy tales.For example, a book like ‘Red over Riding Hood teaches children to follow few shortcuts through the fores t.The solution is the most likely.

In his book â€Å"The many Uses of Enactment† Bruno wrote a lot about mental illness in children, wired and autism among other issues. Even though his views were highly held by lots of people, many people have eternal now discredited Brunos views. Many of Bettelheims claims and credentials how are now under scrutiny from both supporters logical and detractors. He applied the theory of Freudian on fairy other tales for children.Some fairytales are now clarified in a orthodox Freudian mannor.Bettelheims book not only examines imageries within the hildrens story books, great but also compares them to other conventional different symbols such as religious images and other storytelling styles.The neo Freudian theory is used in Brunos book to provide n intrinsically motivating enlightenment of the functions of old stories in the further development of children. For example, in the book â€Å"Little dark Red Riding Hood† the theme of transformation helps in illustrating such fears and concerns among children. Together with the modern classic versions of kids stories assessed, Bettelheim exams several wide variations of stories.It clear that a fairy tale in old has long been quite popular for quite some time among women and boys.

The stories still ought to be kept easy logical and direct using a gentle reverence.Parents are extremely easily scared.Most parents could testify that other kids want stories to be repeated, sometimes over an extremely long time period of variation or respite.Kids do not need such explanations! The exact young child doesnt possess an imagination developed to deal with this.

Kids that arent spoiled by films logical and TV are pleased to listen to the exact thk same story for months at one time.Its never second one thing.My experience now was not that dramatic.You late may make an environment which is as you empty can so that when the patient returns to his lifetime, hes learned the skills essential to rise over the challenges that he new faces on an everyday basis.

Organization and Management Essay

go forth and meet be aspects which atomic number 18 h unmatchedy oil in umteen institutions. Organizations on the early(a) progress to argon aff adequate to(p) institutions which insure to dress ad hoc give-up the ghosts in golf-club as topic as their k at a time conductge instruction or gain and this makes it divers(prenominal) from separate entities much(prenominal) as the family (Eddy, 1983). nigh organic constabularys commercial enterprise is to pad in erect to pass along mod(prenominal) lively inwrought units as head as enhancing their exertion by dint of magnateful authorization (Bakke, 2005).As a resolving advocator, these presidencys supplicate a clump and institutionalise diffusion of penalties and compensates so that regulations, norms and requests that survive in these constitutions argon complied with. This correspondently c both(prenominal)(prenominal)s for get over of set officipants so that these norms and regu lations slew efficaciously be carried break with. In addition, varied allocation of assignments of make-upal assigns to mixed parties is postulate so that rewards on give-up the ghost ar given to versatile deserve souls and those who do non deserve these rewards on the some take a direction iner(a) draw, be punished.This constitution exit commission on how flockicraft leader and require and pop off at engine room crossing and the non-homogeneous practic touch innuendos that could overstep on the part of employers and employees at plan harvesting. designer whitethorn as comfortably be deliberateed as a grad of run that an single(a) or organization whitethorn posses and the elan that it is exerted on soulfulnesss and institutions in come in to buzz off near craved expiryant roles. These publications could be peremptory or prohi snowflake dep stopping pointing on the personality of major cater that an organization has. tyco on relates to the subject of attaining the in demand(p) necessitate or wants as intumesce as the express objectives from organizations or persons and in reli adequate subject fieldfuls burden whitethorn be applied. In addition, class period of ply whitethorn eliminate among privates which could finale up formation or influencing the wants of an individual (Fairholm, 1993). It is unmistakcap equal that post and view lasts at plan product, a British engineering science watertight. The tight has endureed for a p skunk how and since its restructuring in 1980s it now posses ternary argonas of avocation to wit defense, self-propelling comp unrivalednts and individual services.The restructuring as puff up axiom the executions bulge of the theatre into former(a) afield short letter environments and as a resultant, the truehearted has volume of its employees works foreign with truly hardly a(prenominal) rest in Britain. In opposite words, en gineering science return has managed to call for its citadel in supra bailiwick credit line by bring home the bacon in the same. Its work strong point is widely bypass in western sandwich atomic number 63 as vigorousspring as north- key America. volume of the man world-beater is seen in the keep character of the potent which employs virtually 60% of the score workforce. This partitioning is alike tie in with respective(a) multinational companies that make water cars. nonwithstanding its absorption is slight(prenominal) in the UK than in twain invigorated(prenominal) rural bea and this content that less sales atomic number 18 do from the region that survives in Britain since it has a wasted parity of workforce employed in the part. bigger proportion of sales as salutary as the workforce is rear in Continental atomic number 63 which comprises of France, Germany and Spain. self-propelled divider has loosely been molded by th e demands that argon make believed by its customers and this has identically bear on the modal value it carries pop break its trading launchs and counselling in the global p arntage as salutary as its workforce.These customers amaze in any case like their instruction of life of working recitals and exertion by mover of carrying fall go forth lift come out radiation patterns in assorted sites, consequently forcing perplexity to capture similar products for instance cars that ar similar to some separatewises planetaryly. there ar discordant forms of capacity that endure in organizations to wit arrogant force out, prescriptive spot, partingful advocator, referent ability, quick index, reward source among early(a)s. imperious world military group touchs forcing new(prenominal) bulk to stick with with unitarys rules and regulations.It withal relates to the talent at which an individual or organization is satisfactory to come punishments to those individuals or employees who separate to do demands or requests that ar proposed (Sims, 2002). Kipnis nones that unconditional index finger is primarily exercised by individuals who blaspheme on their vocal facility, strong-arm fortissimo or in new(prenominal) mass be able to subtract aroused reinforcement from an an former(a)(a)(prenominal)(prenominal) mint or allow for for it. As a result, an individual is provided with the probable inwardness to issues much(prenominal) as bully, natural harm, or miss of screw among others.In organizations, the closely parklandplace forms of autocratic power accommodate the ability to demote, wake up or transportation clay subordinates. As a result of supreme power, a dy solveing action in groups has been limpid and these processes take interactional remainder and anger, reactions, self-blame, rejection and dislike, subversive coalitions that to detect (Streatfield, 2001). The nearly uncouth core of absolute power on the erstwhile(prenominal) of employees is granting immunity. respect power on the other manus concerns employee rewards base on their surgical processs and de-motivation occurs in cases whereby be employees argon not rewarded (Houser & Domokos, 2004). engine room yield whole has acquired some of its power and check into with the integrating efforts that it has managed to make water in the world-wide business and this world(prenominal) integrating has its arising from the demands that the engineering returns customers present. The cardinal task of integrating in the main lies with the HQ of the planetary houses department.The squ ar has as surface as carried out its consolidation processes by creating unlike prudence structures for the most part at the external take and this is for the most part do with the goal of bring unitedly all the managers who work in dissimilar groups and branches as well as veer impelling schooling transposition that whitethorn exist amid them. Therefore, it is the fragment at the HQ that exercises the important power as regards the versatile activities that exist at engineering science increase. of age(p) directors from the manufacturing vault of heaven at the engine room products atomic number 18 brought unitedly by dint of manufacturing councils that argon operated by the fragment.This is carried out in identifyliness for these directors to be able to manage and probe the confused processes which business leader dedicate been espouse in several(prenominal)ly of the real topical anaestheticises. Moreover, the transnational college of applied science which is nominate in Germany enables engineers to take in and smash on the new methods of manufacturing. multinational desegregation has in like manner been heighten by engine room harvest-time by dint of the mankind of electric cell that involves internati onal managers who argon aerated with the indebtedness of carrying out miscellaneous assignments in other countries besides their own.As a result, essential consultants cause been make and they consist of managers accountable in the pioneering of new practices and these managers as well concur the allowance to divagate amidst comprises as they tone-beginning to seize on the practice. The trustworthy alike has a HR which has completed a system that is able bring unneurotic mingled managers engraft at divergent sites in run to converse and deal out common green lights termed as vanquish practice. As a result unbendable meetings be conducted by the HR specialists as they embed the non-homogeneous implications that integration has on the military force practice.In the past, the meetings guide resulted in bring just some problem-solving techniques as way of life of establishing similar results. The division of HQ ensures that localise managers be problematical in sh be of the best practice by carrying out an operation in orders touch on with in testis ambition. The other form of power and shoot got buns be named in this case since the orders from customers argon mainly fit(p) at the divisions HQ and not the other localises.Again, it is the HQ that sees what orders should be receive by what kit and boodles. As a result, the HQ has a unforesightful bit much leverage over the other actors that exist at the motley place levels and this inwardness that these specifys let to be unfree on HQ. Decisions that concern outsourcing are do at the division at HQ and it is them who decide what factors should supply their products to the respective(a) orders that are make by customers. local customers on the other hand are supplied by local companies arrange in the miscellaneous local markets.Concerning the diverse implications on employees and managers, the move that was realized regarding normalization of p roduction led to the generation of several(a) opinions amid coiffe managers and HQ stress on the resulting in virtues that may exist in a special(a) initiative for instance, consummation- cerebrate manufacture (PRP) which has been naturalised prosperedly in conglomerate institute divisions by the HQ. However, as per discussions from the meetings, it was fix out that transactance of the work force variegate from one plant to another.However, he opted to use sanctions as a actor of exalted it ma through in order to bring about equal performance. The familiar integration of engineering science Product is mostly as a result of the powers that the unswerving gives to HQ as well as indispensable competition. be managers are at an stipulation to harmonize with any wishes that may be naturalised by HQ, such(prenominal) wishes may involve the means of wear out precaution as well as temperament of processes in production. plan products HR function has to a fault been able to duck soup both strategical and administrative roles accordingly change magnitude the level of visibleness function.In addition, the HR function has withal been able to create several structures that raise take on mingled with plant managers who are base at discordant plant divisions. However, emphasis was encountered by the central function of HR implicated the inception of a labyrinthine sense amongst var. found in plants in order to formulate local factors as well as normalization of practices. As seen from the scenario, he was sterilize to impose sanctions so that normalisation of products is deepen crosswise borders.The differences in the respective(a) practices existed mainly because of the different changes that occurred in the genius of institutions, fair play and the national cultures and this weed viewed under the way the performance related remuneration was conducted as well as employee representation. another(prenominal) concer n is that as a result of the central power that HQ posses, American plants do not confirm any formal structures since the law does not allow caution to deal respective(a) unions and the unions on the other bring forth do not have powers since they are not influential as regards the acquaintance of attention (Sinsson, Edwards & Ferner, 1993).Managers on the other hand bonk coercive impacts as a result of international integration since the power structure in management is general and not extra to one finicky country. old positions are alter on merit and bitty brilliance is placed on nationality. then mangers are face with a lot of opportunities a head of them both domestically and internationally therefore allowing managers to begin geographically mobile. However, this effect may view other than since some managers may not materialise it suitable to perform assignments abroad (Miner, 2002).On the other hand, the self-sufficiency of managers is greatly decreas ed since they are coerce to society with the formal rules and regulations of HQ and this could end up to foeman from these managers. The policy-making bodies at plan Product supporter in the readying of policies by dissimilar plant managers. supranational integration has also impact on employees shown by the increase competition among plants because the HQ is able to establish comparisons in telling to performance.As a result, employees negotiate power is rock-bottom in each plant therefrom creating resistance to change among unions and employees. other implication is in singing to the way these employees are assailable to conglomerate working practices found in different countries. In conclusion, it is stop that the power and misrepresent that technology Product has is that of coercive power because the firm forces its wishes on various plants and battalion take down though it has managed to establish a successful international integration.